PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM FINAL STUDY
GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ What is BEERS criteria?
Answer: Recommendations of medications inappropriate for elderly (65
and older), prescriber ultimately decides
⩥ What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450)
Answer: liver enzyme system where medications are metabolized, can
either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug interactions
⩥ CYP450 inducers
Answer: Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug has
lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
⩥ CYP450 inducers pneumonic
Answer: "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
⩥ CYP450 inducer drug names
Answer: Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin, alcohol,
phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
,⩥ CYP450 inhibitors
Answer: inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
⩥ CYP450 pneumonic
Answer: "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like
CK to look GQ"
⩥ CYP450 inhibitors drug names
Answer: Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
⩥ Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs?
Answer: increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase durg
excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
⩥ Examples of medications that can be teratogenic
Answer: Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and
fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants, and
hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
,⩥ How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates?
Answer: slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few
days of life
⩥ Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy?
Answer: delayed gastric emptying
⩥ Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient?
Answer: glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with
tetracyclines, and kernicterus with sulfonamides, levofloxacin
(antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
⩥ what should be included in medication administration patient
education?
Answer: dosage size and timing
route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
, ⩥ What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for
adverse drug reactions?
Answer: reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
⩥ How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient
experiencing an adverse drug reaction?
Answer: obtaining a thorough drug history that includes over-the-
counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ What is BEERS criteria?
Answer: Recommendations of medications inappropriate for elderly (65
and older), prescriber ultimately decides
⩥ What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450)
Answer: liver enzyme system where medications are metabolized, can
either be inducers or inhibitors and create drug-drug interactions
⩥ CYP450 inducers
Answer: Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug has
lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate CYP450 enzymes
⩥ CYP450 inducers pneumonic
Answer: "Bullshit Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
⩥ CYP450 inducer drug names
Answer: Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin, alcohol,
phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital, sulfonylureas
,⩥ CYP450 inhibitors
Answer: inhibit metabolism, increase blood levels of medications
⩥ CYP450 pneumonic
Answer: "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS spending on designers like
CK to look GQ"
⩥ CYP450 inhibitors drug names
Answer: Valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
⩥ Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact
pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs?
Answer: increase glomerular filtration rate leads to increase durg
excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
⩥ Examples of medications that can be teratogenic
Answer: Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and
fluoroquinolones, vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants, and
hormonal medications such as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
,⩥ How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates?
Answer: slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first few
days of life
⩥ Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy?
Answer: delayed gastric emptying
⩥ Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient?
Answer: glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with
tetracyclines, and kernicterus with sulfonamides, levofloxacin
(antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
⩥ what should be included in medication administration patient
education?
Answer: dosage size and timing
route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
, ⩥ What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for
adverse drug reactions?
Answer: reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
⩥ How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient
experiencing an adverse drug reaction?
Answer: obtaining a thorough drug history that includes over-the-
counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
