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smoking effects on infants, children, and adolescents include
asthma, cognitive impairment, lower respiratory illness, attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and central nervous system
tumors
Health problems associated with alcohol use disorder include
increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, congenital anomalies, low
birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm delivery
complications of opioid use during the perinatal period
eclampsia, heart attack or heart failure, and sepsis. Infants
experience
significant adverse effects, including neonatal abstinence
syndrome, third trimester bleeding and mortality, postnatal
growth deficiency, microcephaly, neurobehavioral problems, and
sudden infant death syndrome
,risk of using cannabis during the perinatal period
including preterm labor, low birth weight and small for gestational
age deliveries, and adverse effects on fetal and adolescent brain
growth, executive functioning skills, behavioral problems, and
academic achievement
Cocaine use during pregnancy is linked with poor pregnancy-related
outcomes including
premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption, preterm
birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age deliveries, as
well as long-term effects in children and adolescents including
lower short-term memory,
child and adolescent delinquent behavior, earlier age of sexual
activity, and substance use
includes policies, regulations, or laws that intentionally or
unintentionally lead to discrimination
structural stigma
an example of structural stigma
MAT
, encompasses the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of groups or
individuals which form a stereotype that creates an emotional
reaction or prejudice
and results in discrimination.
public stigma
refers to the shame individuals internalize about negative stereotypes,
may prevent themselves from seeking help
self-stigma
only validated behavioral health screening instrument designed
specifically for pregnant women. It screens for alcohol, tobacco,
marijuana, and illicit
drug use. In addition, validated screening questions for depression and
domestic violence can be included.
The 4Ps Plus