NUR-631 Final Exam Study Guide
Advanced pathophysiology Full
Newest 2026
Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing
compensatory - Answer--Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that
enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, the removal of part of the liver
leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the
loss.
Which of the following statements best describes Raynaud disease?
a. An inflammatory disorder of small and medium-size arteries in the feet and
sometimes in the hands
b. A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities
c. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers, and less
commonly, the toes
d. An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower
extremities - Answer--c. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of
the fingers, and less commonly, the toes
A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular
resistance. Which of the following heart failures may result from this condition?
a. Right heart failure
b. Left heart failure
c. Low-output failure
d. High-output failure - Answer--a. Right heart failure
Exp: Right heart failure is defined as the inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous
pressure. It most often results from the left heart failure when the increase in left
ventricular filling pressure that is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation is
severe enough. As pressure in the pulmonary circulation rises, the resistance to right
ventricular emptying increases.
What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel?
a. Increased blood pressure during periods of stress
b. Bounding pulse felt on palpation
,c. Cyanosis observed on excretion
d. Murmur heard on auscultation - Answer--d. Murmur heard on auscultation
Exp: Where flow is obstructed the vessel turns or blood flows over rough surfaces.
The flow becomes turbulent with whorls or eddy currents that produce noise causing
a murmur to be heard on auscultation such as occurs during blood pressure
measurement with a sphygomanometer. This selection is the only option that
accurately identifies the physical sign of turbulent vascular blood flow. pg 1113
Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18 and down syndrome?
a. Coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary stenosis
b. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus
c. Atrial septal defect and dextrocardia
d. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus - Answer--d. Ventricular
septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: Congenital heart defects that are related to dysfunction of trisomy 13, trisomy
18 and down syndrome include VSD and PDA see Table 33-2 The other defects are
not associated with dysfunction of trisomy 13 or 17 and down syndrome. pg 1200
An infant has a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at the left upper sternal
border throughout systole and diastole as well as a bounding pulse and a thrill on
palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?
a. Atrial septal defect
b. Ventricular septal defect
c. Patent ductus arteriosus
d. Atrioventricular canal defect - Answer--c. Patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: If pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen then infants with will
characteristically have a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at the left
upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole. If the PDA is significant then
the infant also will have bounding pulses an active precordium, a thrill on palpation
and signs and symptoms of pulmonary over circulation. The presentations of the
other congenital heart defects are not consistent with the described the symptoms
pages 1203-1204
Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with
tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
a. Lying on their left side
b. Performing the valsalva maneuver
c. Squatting
d. hyperventilating - Answer--c. Squatting
Exp: squatting is a spontaneous compensatory mechanism used by older children to
alleviate hypoxic spells. Squatting and its variants increase systemic resistance while
decreasing venous return to the heart from the inferior vena cava. The other options
would not result in these changes. pg 1209
,An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus would likely exhibit which
symptom?
a. Intermittent murmur
b. Lack of symptoms
c. Need for surgical repair
d. Triad of congenital defects - Answer--b. Lack of symptoms
Exp: Infants with a small PDA usually remain asymptomatic. page 1203-1204
Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition?
a. Pleural effusion
b. Atelectasis
c. Bronchiectasis
d. Ischemia - Answer--a. Pleural Effusion
Exp: Pleural effusion is the presence of fluid in the pleural space. page1254
Which medication classification is generally included in the treatment of silicosis?
a. Corticosteroids
b. Antiboitics
c. Bronchodilators
d. Expectorants - Answer--a. Corticosteroids
Exp: No specific treatment exists for silicosis, although corticosteroids may produce
some improvement in the early, more acute stages. page 1259
The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants
when they are born between how many weeks of gestation?
a. 16 and 24
b. 20 and 24
c. 24 and 30
d. 30 and 36 - Answer--d. 30 and 36
Exp: Surfactant is secreted into fetal airways between 30 and 36 weeks. The other
options are not true regarding the timeframe when the risk for RDS decreases. page
1292
What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the
newborn?
a. Low birth weight
b. Alcohol consumption during pregnanc
c. Premature birth
d. Smoking during pregnancy - Answer--a. Premature birth
Exp: RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a
major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns. page 1301
, What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
a. Immature immune system
b. Small alveoli
c. Surfactant deficiency
d. Anemia - Answer--c. Surfactant deficiency
Exp: RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and secondarily by a
deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. page 1301
What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of
the newborn?
a. Consolidation
b. Pulmonary edema
c. Atelectasis
d. Bronchiolar plugging - Answer--c. Atelectasis
Exp: The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant hypoxemia and is
difficult for the neonate to overcome because a significant negative inspiratory
pressure is required to open the alveoli with each breath. None of the other options
are considered a primary problem associated with RDS. page 1301
Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
a. Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction,
bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
b. Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary
compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging
c. P!ulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing
viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
d. Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary
resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency - Answer--c. Pulmonary disorder
involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that
obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
Exp: Cystic fibrosis is best described as a pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal
expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways,
pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens. This selection is the only option that
accurately describes cystic fibrosis. pages 1310-1311
Cystic fibrosis is caused by which process?
Advanced pathophysiology Full
Newest 2026
Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing
compensatory - Answer--Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that
enables certain organs to regenerate. For example, the removal of part of the liver
leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells (hepatocytes) to compensate for the
loss.
Which of the following statements best describes Raynaud disease?
a. An inflammatory disorder of small and medium-size arteries in the feet and
sometimes in the hands
b. A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities
c. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers, and less
commonly, the toes
d. An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower
extremities - Answer--c. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of
the fingers, and less commonly, the toes
A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular
resistance. Which of the following heart failures may result from this condition?
a. Right heart failure
b. Left heart failure
c. Low-output failure
d. High-output failure - Answer--a. Right heart failure
Exp: Right heart failure is defined as the inability of the right ventricle to provide
adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous
pressure. It most often results from the left heart failure when the increase in left
ventricular filling pressure that is reflected back into the pulmonary circulation is
severe enough. As pressure in the pulmonary circulation rises, the resistance to right
ventricular emptying increases.
What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel?
a. Increased blood pressure during periods of stress
b. Bounding pulse felt on palpation
,c. Cyanosis observed on excretion
d. Murmur heard on auscultation - Answer--d. Murmur heard on auscultation
Exp: Where flow is obstructed the vessel turns or blood flows over rough surfaces.
The flow becomes turbulent with whorls or eddy currents that produce noise causing
a murmur to be heard on auscultation such as occurs during blood pressure
measurement with a sphygomanometer. This selection is the only option that
accurately identifies the physical sign of turbulent vascular blood flow. pg 1113
Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18 and down syndrome?
a. Coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary stenosis
b. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus
c. Atrial septal defect and dextrocardia
d. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus - Answer--d. Ventricular
septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: Congenital heart defects that are related to dysfunction of trisomy 13, trisomy
18 and down syndrome include VSD and PDA see Table 33-2 The other defects are
not associated with dysfunction of trisomy 13 or 17 and down syndrome. pg 1200
An infant has a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at the left upper sternal
border throughout systole and diastole as well as a bounding pulse and a thrill on
palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?
a. Atrial septal defect
b. Ventricular septal defect
c. Patent ductus arteriosus
d. Atrioventricular canal defect - Answer--c. Patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: If pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen then infants with will
characteristically have a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at the left
upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole. If the PDA is significant then
the infant also will have bounding pulses an active precordium, a thrill on palpation
and signs and symptoms of pulmonary over circulation. The presentations of the
other congenital heart defects are not consistent with the described the symptoms
pages 1203-1204
Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with
tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
a. Lying on their left side
b. Performing the valsalva maneuver
c. Squatting
d. hyperventilating - Answer--c. Squatting
Exp: squatting is a spontaneous compensatory mechanism used by older children to
alleviate hypoxic spells. Squatting and its variants increase systemic resistance while
decreasing venous return to the heart from the inferior vena cava. The other options
would not result in these changes. pg 1209
,An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus would likely exhibit which
symptom?
a. Intermittent murmur
b. Lack of symptoms
c. Need for surgical repair
d. Triad of congenital defects - Answer--b. Lack of symptoms
Exp: Infants with a small PDA usually remain asymptomatic. page 1203-1204
Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition?
a. Pleural effusion
b. Atelectasis
c. Bronchiectasis
d. Ischemia - Answer--a. Pleural Effusion
Exp: Pleural effusion is the presence of fluid in the pleural space. page1254
Which medication classification is generally included in the treatment of silicosis?
a. Corticosteroids
b. Antiboitics
c. Bronchodilators
d. Expectorants - Answer--a. Corticosteroids
Exp: No specific treatment exists for silicosis, although corticosteroids may produce
some improvement in the early, more acute stages. page 1259
The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants
when they are born between how many weeks of gestation?
a. 16 and 24
b. 20 and 24
c. 24 and 30
d. 30 and 36 - Answer--d. 30 and 36
Exp: Surfactant is secreted into fetal airways between 30 and 36 weeks. The other
options are not true regarding the timeframe when the risk for RDS decreases. page
1292
What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the
newborn?
a. Low birth weight
b. Alcohol consumption during pregnanc
c. Premature birth
d. Smoking during pregnancy - Answer--a. Premature birth
Exp: RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a
major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns. page 1301
, What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
a. Immature immune system
b. Small alveoli
c. Surfactant deficiency
d. Anemia - Answer--c. Surfactant deficiency
Exp: RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and secondarily by a
deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. page 1301
What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of
the newborn?
a. Consolidation
b. Pulmonary edema
c. Atelectasis
d. Bronchiolar plugging - Answer--c. Atelectasis
Exp: The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant hypoxemia and is
difficult for the neonate to overcome because a significant negative inspiratory
pressure is required to open the alveoli with each breath. None of the other options
are considered a primary problem associated with RDS. page 1301
Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
a. Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction,
bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
b. Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary
compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging
c. P!ulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing
viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
d. Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary
resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency - Answer--c. Pulmonary disorder
involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that
obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
Exp: Cystic fibrosis is best described as a pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal
expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways,
pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens. This selection is the only option that
accurately describes cystic fibrosis. pages 1310-1311
Cystic fibrosis is caused by which process?
