NUR 325 Exam 1 ASU
generic name-not capitalized, less expensive
brand name-commercial name, capitalized
what are the different types of oral medications?-liquid, tablet, capsule, powder
which form absorbs the fastest?-liquid
which form absorbs the slowest?-enteric coated tablet
what are the 3 ways a drug can be delivered parenterally?-intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly
which parenteral drug is fastest?-IV
pharmacokinetics-movement of drugs from site of administration to various tissues
1st pass effect-some of the drugs when passed though the liver may deactivate —> reduces effect of
drugs
bioavailability-amount of oral drug after passing through the liver
parenteral drugs-does not get affected by 1st pass effect because it goes directly to the vein or tissue
what factors affect distribution to different parts of the body?--movement of drug by circulatory system to
intended site of action
-drugs enter the blood after they absorb through intestinal wall or alveoli in lungs or after direct/indirect
injection
-liver, heart, kidneys receive most of drugs because of their rich drug supply
-bones or areas with natural barrier (brain) won't receive as much of the drug
Metabolism (biotransformation)-The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more
soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
biotransformation-when a drug is chemically altered during metabolism
Where does metabolism take place?-liver
half life-time it takes for a drug that enters the body to decrease in half
onset-the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
peak-The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
, duration-time the drug lasts without additional doses
peak level-The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a
blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
trough level-The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually
measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Why is peak & trough important?-must maintain at a therapeutic level in the blood in order to be effective
Pharmacodynamics-Biochemical changes that occur in the body as a result of taking a drug
adverse reactions-a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects other than the desired
effect
Therapeutic effect-The desired or intended effect of a particular medication.
"off-label"-the use of drugs for unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of
administration
most severe adverse reaction-anaphylactic shock
clinical manifestations of anaphylactic shock-swelling of eyes, mouth, face, and throat, difficultly
breathing, wheezing, rapid HR, extremely low BP, eventually cardiac arrest
drug tolerance-body decreased response to a drug over a period of time or repeated use
cumulative effect-When the body cannot completely metabolize and excrete one drug dose before next
dose is given
drug toxicity-excessive doses result in negative physiologic effects (can be irreversible) may lead to
OVERDOSE
precautions-benefits outweigh the risk
Contraindications-drugs the provider should NOT prescribe because they have potential to cause serious
or life-threatening adverse effects
additive interaction-medicines work together in a positive way (same effect x2)
synergistic effect-interaction of two or more medicines that results in a GREATER effect than when the
medicines are taken alone
antagonistic effect-one drug interferes with the action of another
teratogenic-known to have potential to cause developmental defects in the embryo or fetus
Pregnancy categories-A, B, C, D, X
what physiologic factors are important to consider when administering drugs to the aging patient?-
decreased cardiac output, decreased peristalsis, increased pH affects absorption and distribution,
decreased renal and hepatic function
Pain-pain is defined as whatever the person experiencing the pain says it is
generic name-not capitalized, less expensive
brand name-commercial name, capitalized
what are the different types of oral medications?-liquid, tablet, capsule, powder
which form absorbs the fastest?-liquid
which form absorbs the slowest?-enteric coated tablet
what are the 3 ways a drug can be delivered parenterally?-intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly
which parenteral drug is fastest?-IV
pharmacokinetics-movement of drugs from site of administration to various tissues
1st pass effect-some of the drugs when passed though the liver may deactivate —> reduces effect of
drugs
bioavailability-amount of oral drug after passing through the liver
parenteral drugs-does not get affected by 1st pass effect because it goes directly to the vein or tissue
what factors affect distribution to different parts of the body?--movement of drug by circulatory system to
intended site of action
-drugs enter the blood after they absorb through intestinal wall or alveoli in lungs or after direct/indirect
injection
-liver, heart, kidneys receive most of drugs because of their rich drug supply
-bones or areas with natural barrier (brain) won't receive as much of the drug
Metabolism (biotransformation)-The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more
soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
biotransformation-when a drug is chemically altered during metabolism
Where does metabolism take place?-liver
half life-time it takes for a drug that enters the body to decrease in half
onset-the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
peak-The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
, duration-time the drug lasts without additional doses
peak level-The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a
blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
trough level-The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually
measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Why is peak & trough important?-must maintain at a therapeutic level in the blood in order to be effective
Pharmacodynamics-Biochemical changes that occur in the body as a result of taking a drug
adverse reactions-a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects other than the desired
effect
Therapeutic effect-The desired or intended effect of a particular medication.
"off-label"-the use of drugs for unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of
administration
most severe adverse reaction-anaphylactic shock
clinical manifestations of anaphylactic shock-swelling of eyes, mouth, face, and throat, difficultly
breathing, wheezing, rapid HR, extremely low BP, eventually cardiac arrest
drug tolerance-body decreased response to a drug over a period of time or repeated use
cumulative effect-When the body cannot completely metabolize and excrete one drug dose before next
dose is given
drug toxicity-excessive doses result in negative physiologic effects (can be irreversible) may lead to
OVERDOSE
precautions-benefits outweigh the risk
Contraindications-drugs the provider should NOT prescribe because they have potential to cause serious
or life-threatening adverse effects
additive interaction-medicines work together in a positive way (same effect x2)
synergistic effect-interaction of two or more medicines that results in a GREATER effect than when the
medicines are taken alone
antagonistic effect-one drug interferes with the action of another
teratogenic-known to have potential to cause developmental defects in the embryo or fetus
Pregnancy categories-A, B, C, D, X
what physiologic factors are important to consider when administering drugs to the aging patient?-
decreased cardiac output, decreased peristalsis, increased pH affects absorption and distribution,
decreased renal and hepatic function
Pain-pain is defined as whatever the person experiencing the pain says it is
