PSYCHOLOGY 1101 EOC 2026 MANUAL TIPS QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Conditioned Response (CR) - ✔✔After conditioning, the response an organism
produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented.
✔✔Intermittent Pairing - ✔✔Pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned
stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials.
✔✔Desensitization Therapy - ✔✔A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce
anxiety about a particular object or situation.
✔✔Preparedness - ✔✔A biological readiness to learn certain associations because of
their survival advantages.
✔✔Conditioned Taste Aversion - ✔✔Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if
there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
✔✔Operant (or Instrumental) Conditioning - ✔✔The type of learning in which behaviors
are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments.
✔✔Operant Behaviors - ✔✔Behaviors designed to operate on the environment in a way
that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.
✔✔Reinforcers - ✔✔Stimuli that follow a behavior and increase the likelihood that the
behaviors will be repeated.
✔✔Punishers - ✔✔Stimuli that follow a behavior and decrease the likelihood that the
behavior will be repeated.
✔✔Law of Effect (Principle of Reinforcement) - ✔✔Thorndike's theory that behavior
consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings
about discomfort will be "stamped out."
✔✔Skinner Box - ✔✔A box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the
available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will
occur.
✔✔Shaping - ✔✔Reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.
✔✔Positive Reinforcers - ✔✔Events whose presence increases the likelihood that
ongoing behavior will recur.
,✔✔Negative Reinforcers - ✔✔Events whose reduction or termination increases the
likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
✔✔Punishment - ✔✔Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing
behavior will recur.
✔✔Avoidance Training - ✔✔Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of
something unpleasant, such as punishment.
✔✔Learned Helplessness - ✔✔Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an
unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to
unavoidable painful stimulus.
✔✔Biofeedback - ✔✔A technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise
information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood
pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions.
✔✔Neurofeedback - ✔✔A biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the
use of an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity.
✔✔Contingency - ✔✔A reliable, "if-then" relationship between two events, such as CS
and US.
✔✔Blocking - ✔✔A process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a
second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously.
✔✔Schedule of Reinforcement - ✔✔In operant conditioning, the rule for determining
when and how often reinforcers will be delivered.
✔✔Fixed-Interval Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which the correct
response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement. EX:
Picking up a paycheck every two weeks.
✔✔Variable-Interval Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which the correct
response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement. EX:
Surprise quizzes; Watching a football game and waiting for a touchdown.
✔✔Fixed-Ratio Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response
is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses. EX: Being paid a fee for every
100 dresses sewn.
✔✔Variable-Ratio Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which a varying number
of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented. EX: Playing a slot
machine; Sales commissions.
, ✔✔Extinction - ✔✔A decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, of a learned
response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (Classical conditioning)
or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditioning).
✔✔Spontaneous Recovery - ✔✔The reappearance of an extinguished response after
the passage of time, without training.
✔✔Stimulus Control - ✔✔Control of conditioned responses by cues or stimuli in the
environment.
✔✔Stimulus Generalization - ✔✔The transfer of a learned response to different but
similar stimuli.
✔✔Stimulus Discrimination - ✔✔Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit
the response to all other stimuli.
✔✔Response Generalization - ✔✔Giving a response that is somewhat different from the
response originally learned to that stimulus.
✔✔Higher Order Conditioning - ✔✔Conditioning based on previous learning; the
conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training.
✔✔Primary Reinforcers - ✔✔Reinforcers that are rewarding in themselves, such as
food, water, or sex.
✔✔Secondary Reinforcers - ✔✔Reinforcers whose value is acquired through
association with other primary or secondary reinforcers.
✔✔Cognitive Learning - ✔✔Learning that depends on mental processes that are not
directly observable.
✔✔Latent Learning - ✔✔Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior
change.
✔✔Cognitive Map - ✔✔A learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be
called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change.
✔✔Insight - ✔✔Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the
elements of a problem.
✔✔Learning Set - ✔✔The ability to become increasingly more effective in solving
problems as more problems are solved.
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Conditioned Response (CR) - ✔✔After conditioning, the response an organism
produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented.
✔✔Intermittent Pairing - ✔✔Pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned
stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials.
✔✔Desensitization Therapy - ✔✔A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce
anxiety about a particular object or situation.
✔✔Preparedness - ✔✔A biological readiness to learn certain associations because of
their survival advantages.
✔✔Conditioned Taste Aversion - ✔✔Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if
there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
✔✔Operant (or Instrumental) Conditioning - ✔✔The type of learning in which behaviors
are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments.
✔✔Operant Behaviors - ✔✔Behaviors designed to operate on the environment in a way
that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.
✔✔Reinforcers - ✔✔Stimuli that follow a behavior and increase the likelihood that the
behaviors will be repeated.
✔✔Punishers - ✔✔Stimuli that follow a behavior and decrease the likelihood that the
behavior will be repeated.
✔✔Law of Effect (Principle of Reinforcement) - ✔✔Thorndike's theory that behavior
consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings
about discomfort will be "stamped out."
✔✔Skinner Box - ✔✔A box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the
available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will
occur.
✔✔Shaping - ✔✔Reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.
✔✔Positive Reinforcers - ✔✔Events whose presence increases the likelihood that
ongoing behavior will recur.
,✔✔Negative Reinforcers - ✔✔Events whose reduction or termination increases the
likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
✔✔Punishment - ✔✔Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing
behavior will recur.
✔✔Avoidance Training - ✔✔Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of
something unpleasant, such as punishment.
✔✔Learned Helplessness - ✔✔Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an
unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to
unavoidable painful stimulus.
✔✔Biofeedback - ✔✔A technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise
information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood
pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions.
✔✔Neurofeedback - ✔✔A biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the
use of an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity.
✔✔Contingency - ✔✔A reliable, "if-then" relationship between two events, such as CS
and US.
✔✔Blocking - ✔✔A process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a
second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously.
✔✔Schedule of Reinforcement - ✔✔In operant conditioning, the rule for determining
when and how often reinforcers will be delivered.
✔✔Fixed-Interval Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which the correct
response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement. EX:
Picking up a paycheck every two weeks.
✔✔Variable-Interval Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which the correct
response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement. EX:
Surprise quizzes; Watching a football game and waiting for a touchdown.
✔✔Fixed-Ratio Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response
is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses. EX: Being paid a fee for every
100 dresses sewn.
✔✔Variable-Ratio Schedule - ✔✔A reinforcement schedule in which a varying number
of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented. EX: Playing a slot
machine; Sales commissions.
, ✔✔Extinction - ✔✔A decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, of a learned
response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (Classical conditioning)
or withholding of reinforcement (operant conditioning).
✔✔Spontaneous Recovery - ✔✔The reappearance of an extinguished response after
the passage of time, without training.
✔✔Stimulus Control - ✔✔Control of conditioned responses by cues or stimuli in the
environment.
✔✔Stimulus Generalization - ✔✔The transfer of a learned response to different but
similar stimuli.
✔✔Stimulus Discrimination - ✔✔Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit
the response to all other stimuli.
✔✔Response Generalization - ✔✔Giving a response that is somewhat different from the
response originally learned to that stimulus.
✔✔Higher Order Conditioning - ✔✔Conditioning based on previous learning; the
conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training.
✔✔Primary Reinforcers - ✔✔Reinforcers that are rewarding in themselves, such as
food, water, or sex.
✔✔Secondary Reinforcers - ✔✔Reinforcers whose value is acquired through
association with other primary or secondary reinforcers.
✔✔Cognitive Learning - ✔✔Learning that depends on mental processes that are not
directly observable.
✔✔Latent Learning - ✔✔Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior
change.
✔✔Cognitive Map - ✔✔A learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be
called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change.
✔✔Insight - ✔✔Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the
elements of a problem.
✔✔Learning Set - ✔✔The ability to become increasingly more effective in solving
problems as more problems are solved.
