NAVLE Study Questions -
Small Animal QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
LATEST 100% GUARANTEED
PASS
Pressures above 20cm H20 may result in barotrauma. In an otherwise healthy patient it is not
recommended to exceed this pressure. In patients with chronic atelectasis, anesthetists will be
much more apprehensive about over ventilating or ventilating the lungs too quickly, as acute
expansion can trigger re-expansion pulmonary edema, which may then lead to acute respiratory
distress syndrome and death.
A two-day-old pup has a GGT level of 500 times the adult upper reference range. Which one of
the following choices is the most likely interpretation?
A - Suggestive of a congenital liver shunt
B - Caused by traumatic placental detachment
C - Associated with neonatal cholestasis
D - Related to bone development
E - Due to colostrum absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-E - Due to colostrum absorption
Very high GGT levels are seen with colostrum absorption. In newborn pups + lambs + calves, an
increase in GGT up to 1000x is normal when they receive high levels of colostrum from the dam.
High levels of GGT are produced in the mammary epithelium during lactation. When evaluating
bloodwork, reference ranges specific for the age of the patient should be utilized.
,Your client is pregnant and is worried about acquiring toxoplasmosis from her cat. What do you
advise?
A. Have a housemate empty the litter box daily as a simple precaution to prevent infection as it
takes 1-3 days for passed oocysts in the stool to sporulate into an infective form.
B. Submit toxoplasmosis titers from the cat. A IgG titer of 1:64 or greater suggests recent or
active infection that could pose a danger.
C. Submit toxoplasmosis titers from the cat. A positive cat infected with toxoplasmosis can shed
multiple times in its lifetime and pose a zoonotic risk.
D. Toxoplasmosis titer should be performed on the owner by a human physician. A positive titer
indicates antibodies to the organism that will prevent infection in the first trimester. A negative
titer indicates she should remove her cats from her environment. - CORRECT ANSWER-A. Have a
housemate empty the litter box daily as a simple precaution to prevent infection as it takes 1-3
days for passed oocysts in the stool to sporulate into an infective form.
Toxoplasmosis gondii is a protozoal organism. The cat is the definitive host; the entire life cycle
of the organism can be completed within this host. Most cats become infected when they
consume an exposed rodent with bradyzoites encysted in their tissues. Only recently infected
cats generally shed oocysts in their stool, and cats typically only shed these oocysts for 1-2
weeks. Most cats will only have one shedding episode in their lifetime.A IgM (not IgG) titer of
1:64 or greater suggests recent or active infection and that cat is at risk of shedding oocysts in
their stools. Oocysts are not infective until they sporulate. This process takes > 24 hours, so
emptying the litter box daily is advised, preferably by someone who is not pregnant.If an owner
has owned cats for a long while, it is possible that they may have previously been exposed and
therefore have mounted an immune response to the organism. If so, it may be advisable to test
for Toxoplasma antibody titers in the owner. A sufficient antibody titer will mean the client is
protected from infection during the first trimester.
A 3-year old castrated male Doberman Pinscher presents for acute onset non-productive
vomiting of 3 hours duration. On exam, the patient is extremely lethargic, tachycardic, has weak
pulses and a distended abdomen. Following standard initial emergency treatment for suspected
gastric dilation and volvulus, you would confirm the diagnosis with what imaging procedure?
, A. Dorsal recumbency abdominal radiograph
B. Abdominal ultrasound exam
C. Barium contrast abdominal radiograph
D. Ventral recumbency abdominal radiograph
E. Right lateral recumbency abdominal radiograph
F. Left lateral recumbency abdominal radiograph - CORRECT ANSWER-E. Right lateral
recumbency abdominal radiograph
A typical GDV occurs with repositioning of the pylorus to the left dorsal abdomen. A right lateral
radiographic image is the best position for revealing a gas filled left dorsally-displaced pylorus
with a gas-filled ventral fundus separated by a soft tissue band (compartmented stomach).
Although the features of a malpositioned stomach may be observed on the other radiographic
views, they are often more difficult to interpret than that represented by the right lateral
recumbency view. The severe amount of gas within the GI tract that is associated with GDV
would make ultrasound exam interpretation extremely difficult at best.
A 3-year old, indoor-only, male castrated Maine Coon cat is presented to you for acute-onset of
hindlimb pain and paresis. Physical examination reveals a grade III left parasternal heart
murmur and minimal movement in the hind legs. Femoral pulses are bilaterally absent, and the
hindlimb toes are cold to the touch. The cat is tachypenic, but lung sounds are normal. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. T3-L3 intervertebral disc disease
B. Tetanus
C. Chlorpyrifos toxicity
D. Thrombus at the aortic bifurcation (saddle thrombus)
E. Lymphoma of the spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWER-D. Thrombus at the aortic bifurcation
(saddle thrombus)
Small Animal QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
LATEST 100% GUARANTEED
PASS
Pressures above 20cm H20 may result in barotrauma. In an otherwise healthy patient it is not
recommended to exceed this pressure. In patients with chronic atelectasis, anesthetists will be
much more apprehensive about over ventilating or ventilating the lungs too quickly, as acute
expansion can trigger re-expansion pulmonary edema, which may then lead to acute respiratory
distress syndrome and death.
A two-day-old pup has a GGT level of 500 times the adult upper reference range. Which one of
the following choices is the most likely interpretation?
A - Suggestive of a congenital liver shunt
B - Caused by traumatic placental detachment
C - Associated with neonatal cholestasis
D - Related to bone development
E - Due to colostrum absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-E - Due to colostrum absorption
Very high GGT levels are seen with colostrum absorption. In newborn pups + lambs + calves, an
increase in GGT up to 1000x is normal when they receive high levels of colostrum from the dam.
High levels of GGT are produced in the mammary epithelium during lactation. When evaluating
bloodwork, reference ranges specific for the age of the patient should be utilized.
,Your client is pregnant and is worried about acquiring toxoplasmosis from her cat. What do you
advise?
A. Have a housemate empty the litter box daily as a simple precaution to prevent infection as it
takes 1-3 days for passed oocysts in the stool to sporulate into an infective form.
B. Submit toxoplasmosis titers from the cat. A IgG titer of 1:64 or greater suggests recent or
active infection that could pose a danger.
C. Submit toxoplasmosis titers from the cat. A positive cat infected with toxoplasmosis can shed
multiple times in its lifetime and pose a zoonotic risk.
D. Toxoplasmosis titer should be performed on the owner by a human physician. A positive titer
indicates antibodies to the organism that will prevent infection in the first trimester. A negative
titer indicates she should remove her cats from her environment. - CORRECT ANSWER-A. Have a
housemate empty the litter box daily as a simple precaution to prevent infection as it takes 1-3
days for passed oocysts in the stool to sporulate into an infective form.
Toxoplasmosis gondii is a protozoal organism. The cat is the definitive host; the entire life cycle
of the organism can be completed within this host. Most cats become infected when they
consume an exposed rodent with bradyzoites encysted in their tissues. Only recently infected
cats generally shed oocysts in their stool, and cats typically only shed these oocysts for 1-2
weeks. Most cats will only have one shedding episode in their lifetime.A IgM (not IgG) titer of
1:64 or greater suggests recent or active infection and that cat is at risk of shedding oocysts in
their stools. Oocysts are not infective until they sporulate. This process takes > 24 hours, so
emptying the litter box daily is advised, preferably by someone who is not pregnant.If an owner
has owned cats for a long while, it is possible that they may have previously been exposed and
therefore have mounted an immune response to the organism. If so, it may be advisable to test
for Toxoplasma antibody titers in the owner. A sufficient antibody titer will mean the client is
protected from infection during the first trimester.
A 3-year old castrated male Doberman Pinscher presents for acute onset non-productive
vomiting of 3 hours duration. On exam, the patient is extremely lethargic, tachycardic, has weak
pulses and a distended abdomen. Following standard initial emergency treatment for suspected
gastric dilation and volvulus, you would confirm the diagnosis with what imaging procedure?
, A. Dorsal recumbency abdominal radiograph
B. Abdominal ultrasound exam
C. Barium contrast abdominal radiograph
D. Ventral recumbency abdominal radiograph
E. Right lateral recumbency abdominal radiograph
F. Left lateral recumbency abdominal radiograph - CORRECT ANSWER-E. Right lateral
recumbency abdominal radiograph
A typical GDV occurs with repositioning of the pylorus to the left dorsal abdomen. A right lateral
radiographic image is the best position for revealing a gas filled left dorsally-displaced pylorus
with a gas-filled ventral fundus separated by a soft tissue band (compartmented stomach).
Although the features of a malpositioned stomach may be observed on the other radiographic
views, they are often more difficult to interpret than that represented by the right lateral
recumbency view. The severe amount of gas within the GI tract that is associated with GDV
would make ultrasound exam interpretation extremely difficult at best.
A 3-year old, indoor-only, male castrated Maine Coon cat is presented to you for acute-onset of
hindlimb pain and paresis. Physical examination reveals a grade III left parasternal heart
murmur and minimal movement in the hind legs. Femoral pulses are bilaterally absent, and the
hindlimb toes are cold to the touch. The cat is tachypenic, but lung sounds are normal. What is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. T3-L3 intervertebral disc disease
B. Tetanus
C. Chlorpyrifos toxicity
D. Thrombus at the aortic bifurcation (saddle thrombus)
E. Lymphoma of the spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWER-D. Thrombus at the aortic bifurcation
(saddle thrombus)
