Who has denser bones, black ladies or white ladies?
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Statistically, black females have higher bone density than white
females
What are early responses by our body makes to combat CHF? How do these
cause further problems?
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Inadequate visceral perfusion causes activation of the sympathetic
nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Both the Sympathetic NS and the RAS system are meant to increase
cardiac output, but their effect on the diseased heart is to cause an
inappropriately high AFTERLOAD and CIRCULATING VOLUME
, this leads to progressive heart disease
What does a paradoxical embolism usually indicate, generally speaking?
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That there is some abnormal connection between the right and left
heart, allowing the DVT to cross over from the venous system to
arterial system bypassing the lungs.
What heart defect classically has a continueous murmur?
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Which of the two major metabolites that regulates coronary blood flow works
more on small coronary arterioles?
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Adenosine
Which two anatomical landmarks are important loctaions of barroreceptors that
are especially important in blood pressure control?
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(1) the carotid sinus [located just above the bifurcation of the
common carotid artery]
(2) the aortic arch
What are the 3 most common causes of metabolic alkalosis?
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(1) Loss of hydrogen ions from the body: e.g., vomiting and
nasogastric suction may cause loss of hydrochloric acid; this causes
serum chloride to decrease leadign to decrease in urinary cholirde
(this would be SALINE-RESPONSIVE metabolic alkalosis)
(2) Thiazide and Loop Diuretics: cause increase renal losses of Na,
followed by excretion of Cl-; reabsorption of HCO3- increases to
maintain electric neutrality in cells; this is CONTRACTION ALKALOSIS
(3) Increased aldosterone secretion: seen in primary
hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome) and associated with metabolic
alkalosis; aldosterone increases renal Na reabsorption and urinary
lossess of K, Cl, and H with relative increase in HCO3- resulting from
H losses; urinary Cl concentration is increased, but chloride doesn't
correct it either (saline-resistant alkalosis)
What intercellular connection connects osteocytes?
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, Gap Junctions
this is so they can send signals to modulate activity of surface
osteoblasts, thereby helping to regulate bony remodeling
What is the classic murmur of aortic stenosis?
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Systolic ejection-type, crescendo-decrescendo murmur that starts
after the first heart sound and typically ends before the A2
component of the second heart sound.
What are the 3 main causes of valvular aortic stenosis?
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(1) Congenitally abnormal valve with calcification
--e.g., a bicuspid aortic valve
(2) a calcified normal valve
(3) rheumatic heart disease
N.B. rheumatic heart disease is most common cause worldwide,
calcific aortic valve disease is more common in U.S.
What is the RANK receptor/RANK-L interaction essential for?
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
Statistically, black females have higher bone density than white
females
What are early responses by our body makes to combat CHF? How do these
cause further problems?
Give this one a try later!
Inadequate visceral perfusion causes activation of the sympathetic
nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Both the Sympathetic NS and the RAS system are meant to increase
cardiac output, but their effect on the diseased heart is to cause an
inappropriately high AFTERLOAD and CIRCULATING VOLUME
, this leads to progressive heart disease
What does a paradoxical embolism usually indicate, generally speaking?
Give this one a try later!
That there is some abnormal connection between the right and left
heart, allowing the DVT to cross over from the venous system to
arterial system bypassing the lungs.
What heart defect classically has a continueous murmur?
Give this one a try later!
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Which of the two major metabolites that regulates coronary blood flow works
more on small coronary arterioles?
Give this one a try later!
Adenosine
Which two anatomical landmarks are important loctaions of barroreceptors that
are especially important in blood pressure control?
,Give this one a try later!
(1) the carotid sinus [located just above the bifurcation of the
common carotid artery]
(2) the aortic arch
What are the 3 most common causes of metabolic alkalosis?
Give this one a try later!
(1) Loss of hydrogen ions from the body: e.g., vomiting and
nasogastric suction may cause loss of hydrochloric acid; this causes
serum chloride to decrease leadign to decrease in urinary cholirde
(this would be SALINE-RESPONSIVE metabolic alkalosis)
(2) Thiazide and Loop Diuretics: cause increase renal losses of Na,
followed by excretion of Cl-; reabsorption of HCO3- increases to
maintain electric neutrality in cells; this is CONTRACTION ALKALOSIS
(3) Increased aldosterone secretion: seen in primary
hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome) and associated with metabolic
alkalosis; aldosterone increases renal Na reabsorption and urinary
lossess of K, Cl, and H with relative increase in HCO3- resulting from
H losses; urinary Cl concentration is increased, but chloride doesn't
correct it either (saline-resistant alkalosis)
What intercellular connection connects osteocytes?
Give this one a try later!
, Gap Junctions
this is so they can send signals to modulate activity of surface
osteoblasts, thereby helping to regulate bony remodeling
What is the classic murmur of aortic stenosis?
Give this one a try later!
Systolic ejection-type, crescendo-decrescendo murmur that starts
after the first heart sound and typically ends before the A2
component of the second heart sound.
What are the 3 main causes of valvular aortic stenosis?
Give this one a try later!
(1) Congenitally abnormal valve with calcification
--e.g., a bicuspid aortic valve
(2) a calcified normal valve
(3) rheumatic heart disease
N.B. rheumatic heart disease is most common cause worldwide,
calcific aortic valve disease is more common in U.S.
What is the RANK receptor/RANK-L interaction essential for?
Give this one a try later!
