late adulthood - ANSWER starts in 60's, can be the longest age grouping in one's life if an
individual lives to old age
Do most older adults develop dementia? - ANSWER No, It is not a normal part of aging.
Only a small percentage of 65-to-75-year-old people have a neurocognitive disorder. How-
ever, this number increases with age (50% of individuals 85 and older have a neurocognitive
disorder)_
What are some causes of neurocognitive disorders? - ANSWER various diseases, severe
drug/alcohol abuse, stroke, or progressive deterioration caused by a variety of factors
Why do women typically outlive men? - ANSWER Partly genetics, but mostly environ-
mental. Men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, abuse drugs and alcohol, and be
less vigilant about their overall health.
primary aging - ANSWER the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all
living creatures as they grow older, genetically influenced, and thought to be unavoidable at
this point
secondary aging - ANSWER aging that is not inevitable and occurs due to choices we
make and environmental exposures
"wear and tear" theory - ANSWER States that time and exertion is the enemy, and fo-
cuses on secondary aging but ignores the actual cause which is primary aging. However
there are holes in this theory: body does a great job at repairing itself, individuals who en-
gage in a lot of exercise and activity are typically healthier and longer-lived than sedentary
individuals,
1
, free radical theory - ANSWER theory of aging that states that free radicals triggered by
certain environmental contaminants might be linked to various diseases and maladies that
coincide with aging. Accumulating free radicals over time might be associated with problems
such as cataracts and arthritis
Cellular theories of aging - ANSWER -Free radicals
-Hayflick Limit
Hayflick Limit Theory - ANSWER states that human adult cells have a limited number of
times that they can divide (approximately 20). After this limit is reached, the cells will begin
to die.
programmed cell death theories - ANSWER focus on how cells appear to be designed to
self-destruct in our genetic code. A variety of processes contribute to this programmed cell
death, and many of the diseases associated with aging, such as osteoporosis and Alzhei-
mer's, have evidence of being at least partly caused by these processes.
Subtypes of neurocognitive disorders - ANSWER Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease,
traumatic brain injury, substance/medication induced, a prion disease, neurocognitive dis-
ease due to HIV, cognitive declines due to vascular disease
Symptoms of neurocognitive disorder caused by Parkinson's: - ANSWER anxiety, depres-
sion, hallucinations, personality changes
Prion diseases - ANSWER -Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease—rapidly progressive dementia, typi-
cally sporadic (some familial forms).
-Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)—also known as "mad cow disease."
-Kuru—acquired prion disease noted in tribal populations practicing human cannibalism.
What percentage of individuals with HIV have symptoms for at least a mild neurocognitive
disorder? - ANSWER approximately 25%
2
individual lives to old age
Do most older adults develop dementia? - ANSWER No, It is not a normal part of aging.
Only a small percentage of 65-to-75-year-old people have a neurocognitive disorder. How-
ever, this number increases with age (50% of individuals 85 and older have a neurocognitive
disorder)_
What are some causes of neurocognitive disorders? - ANSWER various diseases, severe
drug/alcohol abuse, stroke, or progressive deterioration caused by a variety of factors
Why do women typically outlive men? - ANSWER Partly genetics, but mostly environ-
mental. Men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, abuse drugs and alcohol, and be
less vigilant about their overall health.
primary aging - ANSWER the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all
living creatures as they grow older, genetically influenced, and thought to be unavoidable at
this point
secondary aging - ANSWER aging that is not inevitable and occurs due to choices we
make and environmental exposures
"wear and tear" theory - ANSWER States that time and exertion is the enemy, and fo-
cuses on secondary aging but ignores the actual cause which is primary aging. However
there are holes in this theory: body does a great job at repairing itself, individuals who en-
gage in a lot of exercise and activity are typically healthier and longer-lived than sedentary
individuals,
1
, free radical theory - ANSWER theory of aging that states that free radicals triggered by
certain environmental contaminants might be linked to various diseases and maladies that
coincide with aging. Accumulating free radicals over time might be associated with problems
such as cataracts and arthritis
Cellular theories of aging - ANSWER -Free radicals
-Hayflick Limit
Hayflick Limit Theory - ANSWER states that human adult cells have a limited number of
times that they can divide (approximately 20). After this limit is reached, the cells will begin
to die.
programmed cell death theories - ANSWER focus on how cells appear to be designed to
self-destruct in our genetic code. A variety of processes contribute to this programmed cell
death, and many of the diseases associated with aging, such as osteoporosis and Alzhei-
mer's, have evidence of being at least partly caused by these processes.
Subtypes of neurocognitive disorders - ANSWER Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease,
traumatic brain injury, substance/medication induced, a prion disease, neurocognitive dis-
ease due to HIV, cognitive declines due to vascular disease
Symptoms of neurocognitive disorder caused by Parkinson's: - ANSWER anxiety, depres-
sion, hallucinations, personality changes
Prion diseases - ANSWER -Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease—rapidly progressive dementia, typi-
cally sporadic (some familial forms).
-Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)—also known as "mad cow disease."
-Kuru—acquired prion disease noted in tribal populations practicing human cannibalism.
What percentage of individuals with HIV have symptoms for at least a mild neurocognitive
disorder? - ANSWER approximately 25%
2
