, THEORIES OF PERSONALITY • Personality includes BOTH consistency (traits) and
individuality (unique characteristics).
• Theorists' own personalities often influence their theories —
2ND SEMESTER – PROF. JINKY DIMAUNAHAN – SATURDAY: 7:30AM TO a phenomenon worth noting throughout the course.
10:30AM
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Personality B WHAT IS A THEORY?
Theory
Theory
• A set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical
TOPIC OVERVIEW deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.
Hypothesis
A. What Is Personality?
a. Defining Personality
• A specific prediction derived from a theory that can be tested
b. Perspectives on Personality empirically.
B. What Is a Theory? Taxonomy
a. Theory Defined • A system of classification or categorization; less explanatory than
b. Why Different Theories? a theory.
C. Dimensions of a Useful Theory Speculation
a. Six Criteria for a Good Theory
• A conjecture that goes beyond the available data without the
D. Perspectives in Personality Theory
logical structure of a theory.
a. Psychodynamic
b. Humanistic-Existential
c. Dispositional B1 Why Different Theories?
d. Biological-Evolutionary
e. Learning-Cognitive
E. Concept of Humanity & Research Methods • Different theorists emphasize different aspects of human nature
a. Dimensions of Humanity (e.g., biology vs. environment, conscious vs. unconscious).
b. Research in Personality Theory • Theorists are influenced by their own personal experiences,
culture, and historical period.
A WHAT IS PERSONALITY? C WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL?
Personality
• A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics
that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior. SIX CRITERIA FOR A GOOD PERSONALITY THEORY
Traits
KEY Definition Example/Notes
• Characteristics that are consistent and enduring; they contribute TERM
to differences among individuals.
Generat Stimulates scientists to study Freud's work inspired
Unique Characteristics es human behavior more hundreds of studies on
• Qualities that distinguish one person from all others, such as Researc actively. unconscious processing.
temperament, physique, and intelligence. h
Falsifiab Capable of being tested and Predictions can be
le potentially disproven. confirmed or disconfirmed
Ψ Additional Information:
through data.
1
, Organiz Provides a framework for Trait theory organizes Free
es Data understanding accumulated behavioral data into the Big Choice
research findings. Five.
Pessimi Is human nature basically Freud: pessimistic; Maslow:
Guides Has practical applications in Behavioral theories guide sm vs. negative or positive? optimistic
Action therapy, education, or treatment programs. Optimis
child-rearing. m
Internall Free from contradictions All propositions logically Causalit Are we shaped by past causes Behaviorism: causal; Adler:
y within the theory itself. follow from the same y vs. or pulled toward future goals? teleological
Consiste assumptions. Teleolog
nt y
Parsimo Explains phenomena with the Occam's Razor applied to Conscio How important are Freud: unconscious
nious fewest and simplest personality theory. us vs. unconscious processes in dominant; Kelly: conscious
assumptions. Unconsc determining behavior? constructs
ious
Biologic How much does biology vs. Eysenck: biological; Horney:
al vs. social environment shape social/cultural
Social personality?
D PERSPECTIVES IN PERSONALITY THEORY
Uniquen Should we focus on what Allport: uniqueness; Big
ess vs. makes each person unique or Five: similarities
Psychodynamic Theories Similarit on shared patterns?
• Emphasize unconscious forces; rooted in Freudian tradition (Freud, ies
Adler, Jung, Klein, Horney, Erikson, Fromm).
Humanistic-Existential
• Focus on growth, free will, and subjective experience (Maslow,
Rogers, May).
Dispositional Theories
• Describe personality in terms of stable traits or dispositions
(Allport, McCrae & Costa).
Biological-Evolutionary
• Emphasize biological underpinnings and adaptive functions of
personality (Eysenck, Buss).
Learning-Cognitive Theories
• Stress environmental learning, social context, and cognitive
processes (Skinner, Bandura, Rotter, Mischel, Kelly).
E DIMENSIONS FOR A CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
DIMENSIONS FOR EVALUATING PERSONALITY THEORIES
KEY Definition Example/Notes
TERM
Determi Are behaviors caused by Freud: deterministic;
nism vs. forces outside our control, or Rogers: free choice
do we choose our actions?
2
, • Psychoanalysis: both a theory of personality AND a method of
psychotherapy.
Freud
Ψ Additional Information:
• Freud believed that most psychological problems have an
2ND SEMESTER – PROF. JINKY DIMAUNAHAN – SATURDAY: 7:30AM TO unconscious origin rooted in early childhood.
10:30AM
• His work remains influential, though many specific claims
have been disputed by modern research.
CHAPTER 2: Psychoanalysis
B LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
TOPIC OVERVIEW
A. Biography & Overview
a. Freud's Life
b. Key Influences THREE LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
B. Levels of Mental Life KEY Definition Example/Notes
a. Unconscious
TERM
b. Preconscious
c. Conscious Unconsc Contains repressed memories, Repressed childhood
C. Provinces of the Mind (Structural Model) ious drives, and wishes that are trauma
entirely inaccessible to
a. Id
awareness.
b. Ego
c. Superego Precons Contains information not Your childhood address
D. Dynamics of Personality cious currently in awareness but
a. Drives (Sex & Aggression) easily retrievable when
b. Anxiety needed.
c. Defense Mechanisms
Conscio The portion of mind currently Thoughts you are actively
E. Psychosexual Stages of Development us in awareness at any given having now
a. Oral moment.
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Latency
e. Genital
F. Applications & Therapeutic Techniques C PROVINCES OF THE MIND (STRUCTURAL MODEL)
a. Dream Analysis
b. Free Association
c. Freudian Slips Id
• Entirely unconscious; operates on the pleasure principle; seeks
immediate gratification of biological urges.
Ego
A BIOGRAPHY & OVERVIEW
• Mediates between the id, superego, and reality; operates on the
reality principle; rational, logical.
• Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): Austrian neurologist, founder of Superego
psychoanalysis. • The moral arm of personality; contains internalized values and
• Influenced by hypnosis, Charcot's work on hysteria, and Breuer's ideals from parents and society; includes ego ideal and conscience.
cathartic method.
3
individuality (unique characteristics).
• Theorists' own personalities often influence their theories —
2ND SEMESTER – PROF. JINKY DIMAUNAHAN – SATURDAY: 7:30AM TO a phenomenon worth noting throughout the course.
10:30AM
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Personality B WHAT IS A THEORY?
Theory
Theory
• A set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical
TOPIC OVERVIEW deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.
Hypothesis
A. What Is Personality?
a. Defining Personality
• A specific prediction derived from a theory that can be tested
b. Perspectives on Personality empirically.
B. What Is a Theory? Taxonomy
a. Theory Defined • A system of classification or categorization; less explanatory than
b. Why Different Theories? a theory.
C. Dimensions of a Useful Theory Speculation
a. Six Criteria for a Good Theory
• A conjecture that goes beyond the available data without the
D. Perspectives in Personality Theory
logical structure of a theory.
a. Psychodynamic
b. Humanistic-Existential
c. Dispositional B1 Why Different Theories?
d. Biological-Evolutionary
e. Learning-Cognitive
E. Concept of Humanity & Research Methods • Different theorists emphasize different aspects of human nature
a. Dimensions of Humanity (e.g., biology vs. environment, conscious vs. unconscious).
b. Research in Personality Theory • Theorists are influenced by their own personal experiences,
culture, and historical period.
A WHAT IS PERSONALITY? C WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL?
Personality
• A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics
that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior. SIX CRITERIA FOR A GOOD PERSONALITY THEORY
Traits
KEY Definition Example/Notes
• Characteristics that are consistent and enduring; they contribute TERM
to differences among individuals.
Generat Stimulates scientists to study Freud's work inspired
Unique Characteristics es human behavior more hundreds of studies on
• Qualities that distinguish one person from all others, such as Researc actively. unconscious processing.
temperament, physique, and intelligence. h
Falsifiab Capable of being tested and Predictions can be
le potentially disproven. confirmed or disconfirmed
Ψ Additional Information:
through data.
1
, Organiz Provides a framework for Trait theory organizes Free
es Data understanding accumulated behavioral data into the Big Choice
research findings. Five.
Pessimi Is human nature basically Freud: pessimistic; Maslow:
Guides Has practical applications in Behavioral theories guide sm vs. negative or positive? optimistic
Action therapy, education, or treatment programs. Optimis
child-rearing. m
Internall Free from contradictions All propositions logically Causalit Are we shaped by past causes Behaviorism: causal; Adler:
y within the theory itself. follow from the same y vs. or pulled toward future goals? teleological
Consiste assumptions. Teleolog
nt y
Parsimo Explains phenomena with the Occam's Razor applied to Conscio How important are Freud: unconscious
nious fewest and simplest personality theory. us vs. unconscious processes in dominant; Kelly: conscious
assumptions. Unconsc determining behavior? constructs
ious
Biologic How much does biology vs. Eysenck: biological; Horney:
al vs. social environment shape social/cultural
Social personality?
D PERSPECTIVES IN PERSONALITY THEORY
Uniquen Should we focus on what Allport: uniqueness; Big
ess vs. makes each person unique or Five: similarities
Psychodynamic Theories Similarit on shared patterns?
• Emphasize unconscious forces; rooted in Freudian tradition (Freud, ies
Adler, Jung, Klein, Horney, Erikson, Fromm).
Humanistic-Existential
• Focus on growth, free will, and subjective experience (Maslow,
Rogers, May).
Dispositional Theories
• Describe personality in terms of stable traits or dispositions
(Allport, McCrae & Costa).
Biological-Evolutionary
• Emphasize biological underpinnings and adaptive functions of
personality (Eysenck, Buss).
Learning-Cognitive Theories
• Stress environmental learning, social context, and cognitive
processes (Skinner, Bandura, Rotter, Mischel, Kelly).
E DIMENSIONS FOR A CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
DIMENSIONS FOR EVALUATING PERSONALITY THEORIES
KEY Definition Example/Notes
TERM
Determi Are behaviors caused by Freud: deterministic;
nism vs. forces outside our control, or Rogers: free choice
do we choose our actions?
2
, • Psychoanalysis: both a theory of personality AND a method of
psychotherapy.
Freud
Ψ Additional Information:
• Freud believed that most psychological problems have an
2ND SEMESTER – PROF. JINKY DIMAUNAHAN – SATURDAY: 7:30AM TO unconscious origin rooted in early childhood.
10:30AM
• His work remains influential, though many specific claims
have been disputed by modern research.
CHAPTER 2: Psychoanalysis
B LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
TOPIC OVERVIEW
A. Biography & Overview
a. Freud's Life
b. Key Influences THREE LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
B. Levels of Mental Life KEY Definition Example/Notes
a. Unconscious
TERM
b. Preconscious
c. Conscious Unconsc Contains repressed memories, Repressed childhood
C. Provinces of the Mind (Structural Model) ious drives, and wishes that are trauma
entirely inaccessible to
a. Id
awareness.
b. Ego
c. Superego Precons Contains information not Your childhood address
D. Dynamics of Personality cious currently in awareness but
a. Drives (Sex & Aggression) easily retrievable when
b. Anxiety needed.
c. Defense Mechanisms
Conscio The portion of mind currently Thoughts you are actively
E. Psychosexual Stages of Development us in awareness at any given having now
a. Oral moment.
b. Anal
c. Phallic
d. Latency
e. Genital
F. Applications & Therapeutic Techniques C PROVINCES OF THE MIND (STRUCTURAL MODEL)
a. Dream Analysis
b. Free Association
c. Freudian Slips Id
• Entirely unconscious; operates on the pleasure principle; seeks
immediate gratification of biological urges.
Ego
A BIOGRAPHY & OVERVIEW
• Mediates between the id, superego, and reality; operates on the
reality principle; rational, logical.
• Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): Austrian neurologist, founder of Superego
psychoanalysis. • The moral arm of personality; contains internalized values and
• Influenced by hypnosis, Charcot's work on hysteria, and Breuer's ideals from parents and society; includes ego ideal and conscience.
cathartic method.
3
