Cell Diffrentiation
-
multicellular organisms such as eukaryotic cells become
specialized forspecific function, also known a division labour
of
-
Diffrentiation -
the processduring development where cells become
more specialisedas they mature. of certain
Result
genes being expressed ('switched on")
Gene Expression
Every nucleus in cell of multicellular organism contain the same
genes, all cells an
of organism have identical genome
-Genome -
the complete set
of
genetic material in
present a cell
or
organism
-once certain genes are expressed, the specialisation of cell is
fixed, so cannot adapt to new functions
, Origins of eukaryotic cells
Endosymbiosis
scientists theorise that eukaryotes
+
evolve from prokaryote
ancestors
theory states
prokaryote
+
ancestor"ingests" a smaller prokaryote
avoidbeing
smaller prokaryot evolves a to
digested
+
way
& lives inside it's new "host" cell like a pet
small prokaryote can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts
+
&
pay their host
with
glucose
+ smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration
into mitochondria & converts the
evolve glucose into energy
the cells can use
+ Both &
host benefit from
symbiont the relationship
Evidence for endosymbiotic theory
theory arise from the features the mitochodria & chloroplast
have
in common with prokaryote:
Both reproduce by binary fission
~
Both
-
contain their own circular, non-membrane bound DNA
+
Both transcribe mRNA from their DNA
+Both have 70s Ribsomes to synthesise their own protein
+
double membrane
similar to most bacterial
+
size cells
, Nucleic Acid August28th 2024
+ DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the
genetic code in all
living organisms
itis universal, applies all form life
+
to of
+mainly foundin the nucleus where forms
it chromsome
+ Found in chloroplast mitochondria eukaryotic
of cells
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleic
acid
+
another type of
+
Some are found
RNA in the nucleus & main component
ofribsomes
cytoplasm which play an important
role
in protein synthesis
-Certain Virus as their
contain RNA
genetic
material instead of DNA
G
cause a
variety disease,
of for example
covid 19
Virus is a living organism, as
they
+
not can not
replicate themselves
dependent
on other living organisms
+
+ lack cellular structure
Nucleotide Components
+ Both DNA & RNA
are polymers are made
that from repeating units callednucleotides
-
Each nucleotide is formedfrom:
pentose sugar
+
(with 5
carbon atom)
+
nitrogen-containing organic
E
base (/or 2
ring of atom)
Both covalently -
bonded a phosphate group (acidic &
negatively charged
+
to the
sugar
The 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA I
n RNA
Thymine is replaced to
Adenine (t) Thymine (T) uracil (v) instead
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
-
multicellular organisms such as eukaryotic cells become
specialized forspecific function, also known a division labour
of
-
Diffrentiation -
the processduring development where cells become
more specialisedas they mature. of certain
Result
genes being expressed ('switched on")
Gene Expression
Every nucleus in cell of multicellular organism contain the same
genes, all cells an
of organism have identical genome
-Genome -
the complete set
of
genetic material in
present a cell
or
organism
-once certain genes are expressed, the specialisation of cell is
fixed, so cannot adapt to new functions
, Origins of eukaryotic cells
Endosymbiosis
scientists theorise that eukaryotes
+
evolve from prokaryote
ancestors
theory states
prokaryote
+
ancestor"ingests" a smaller prokaryote
avoidbeing
smaller prokaryot evolves a to
digested
+
way
& lives inside it's new "host" cell like a pet
small prokaryote can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts
+
&
pay their host
with
glucose
+ smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration
into mitochondria & converts the
evolve glucose into energy
the cells can use
+ Both &
host benefit from
symbiont the relationship
Evidence for endosymbiotic theory
theory arise from the features the mitochodria & chloroplast
have
in common with prokaryote:
Both reproduce by binary fission
~
Both
-
contain their own circular, non-membrane bound DNA
+
Both transcribe mRNA from their DNA
+Both have 70s Ribsomes to synthesise their own protein
+
double membrane
similar to most bacterial
+
size cells
, Nucleic Acid August28th 2024
+ DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the
genetic code in all
living organisms
itis universal, applies all form life
+
to of
+mainly foundin the nucleus where forms
it chromsome
+ Found in chloroplast mitochondria eukaryotic
of cells
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleic
acid
+
another type of
+
Some are found
RNA in the nucleus & main component
ofribsomes
cytoplasm which play an important
role
in protein synthesis
-Certain Virus as their
contain RNA
genetic
material instead of DNA
G
cause a
variety disease,
of for example
covid 19
Virus is a living organism, as
they
+
not can not
replicate themselves
dependent
on other living organisms
+
+ lack cellular structure
Nucleotide Components
+ Both DNA & RNA
are polymers are made
that from repeating units callednucleotides
-
Each nucleotide is formedfrom:
pentose sugar
+
(with 5
carbon atom)
+
nitrogen-containing organic
E
base (/or 2
ring of atom)
Both covalently -
bonded a phosphate group (acidic &
negatively charged
+
to the
sugar
The 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA I
n RNA
Thymine is replaced to
Adenine (t) Thymine (T) uracil (v) instead
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
