1|Page
NR507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE-
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Q&A
2026 UPDATE
Immune System Dysfunction in M.S. - correct-answer -Abnormal immune
response targeting myelin in the CNS, leading to inflammation and demyelination.
Inflammation and Demyelination in M.S. - correct-answer -Inflammatory response
in the CNS, resulting in the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding nerve
fibers.
Axonal Damage and Neurodegeneration in M.S. - correct-answer -Loss and
degeneration of nerve fibers (axons) as a consequence of repeated episodes of
demyelination and inflammation.
Reactive Gliosis in M.S. - correct-answer -Activation and proliferation of glial cells,
particularly astrocytes and microglia, in response to CNS injury.
Remyelination Attempts in M.S. - correct-answer -Efforts to repair damaged
myelin through remyelination processes, although these attempts are often
incomplete and not fully successful.
,2|Page
Motor Symptoms - correct-answer -Weakness, paralysis, spasms, tremors,
coordination and balance problems, fatigue
Sensory Symptoms - correct-answer -Numbness, tingling, altered sensations, MS
hug
Visual Symptoms - correct-answer -Optic neuritis, double vision, eye movement
abnormalities
Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms - correct-answer -Memory problems,
attention difficulties, slowed information processing, emotional changes
Fatigue - correct-answer -Profound fatigue, lack of energy
Acute Renal Failure - correct-answer -Reversible condition where kidneys respond
to diuretic with good output, indicating functioning kidneys.
Acute Pyelonephritis - correct-answer -A kidney infection characterized by
bacterial colonization, adherence and invasion, inflammation, and renal injury.
, 3|Page
Diagnosis of Acute Pyelonephritis - correct-answer -Urinalysis shows positive
urine culture with significant bacteriuria (>10^5 CFU/mL) and pyuria (≥10 white
blood cells per high-power field).
Renal Calculi - correct-answer -Kidney stones formed by supersaturation of urine,
nucleation of crystals, and urinary stasis.
Assessment of Renal Calculi - correct-answer -Includes medical history, physical
exam for flank pain, imaging studies (CT scan, renal ultrasound, x-ray), and lab
tests.
Treatment for Renal Calculi - correct-answer -Conservative treatment for stones
<5 mm, medical management with thiazide diuretics or allopurinol, and lithotripsy
for stones >5 mm.
Chronic Renal Failure - correct-answer -Progressive loss of renal function
associated with systemic diseases like hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
CKD Stage Determination - correct-answer -Determined by estimates of GFR and
albuminuria.
NR507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE-
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Q&A
2026 UPDATE
Immune System Dysfunction in M.S. - correct-answer -Abnormal immune
response targeting myelin in the CNS, leading to inflammation and demyelination.
Inflammation and Demyelination in M.S. - correct-answer -Inflammatory response
in the CNS, resulting in the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding nerve
fibers.
Axonal Damage and Neurodegeneration in M.S. - correct-answer -Loss and
degeneration of nerve fibers (axons) as a consequence of repeated episodes of
demyelination and inflammation.
Reactive Gliosis in M.S. - correct-answer -Activation and proliferation of glial cells,
particularly astrocytes and microglia, in response to CNS injury.
Remyelination Attempts in M.S. - correct-answer -Efforts to repair damaged
myelin through remyelination processes, although these attempts are often
incomplete and not fully successful.
,2|Page
Motor Symptoms - correct-answer -Weakness, paralysis, spasms, tremors,
coordination and balance problems, fatigue
Sensory Symptoms - correct-answer -Numbness, tingling, altered sensations, MS
hug
Visual Symptoms - correct-answer -Optic neuritis, double vision, eye movement
abnormalities
Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms - correct-answer -Memory problems,
attention difficulties, slowed information processing, emotional changes
Fatigue - correct-answer -Profound fatigue, lack of energy
Acute Renal Failure - correct-answer -Reversible condition where kidneys respond
to diuretic with good output, indicating functioning kidneys.
Acute Pyelonephritis - correct-answer -A kidney infection characterized by
bacterial colonization, adherence and invasion, inflammation, and renal injury.
, 3|Page
Diagnosis of Acute Pyelonephritis - correct-answer -Urinalysis shows positive
urine culture with significant bacteriuria (>10^5 CFU/mL) and pyuria (≥10 white
blood cells per high-power field).
Renal Calculi - correct-answer -Kidney stones formed by supersaturation of urine,
nucleation of crystals, and urinary stasis.
Assessment of Renal Calculi - correct-answer -Includes medical history, physical
exam for flank pain, imaging studies (CT scan, renal ultrasound, x-ray), and lab
tests.
Treatment for Renal Calculi - correct-answer -Conservative treatment for stones
<5 mm, medical management with thiazide diuretics or allopurinol, and lithotripsy
for stones >5 mm.
Chronic Renal Failure - correct-answer -Progressive loss of renal function
associated with systemic diseases like hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
CKD Stage Determination - correct-answer -Determined by estimates of GFR and
albuminuria.
