NURS 1385 Midterm UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
How much of the body is made up of water? - 50-60% of body weight in adults
- 45-55% in older adults
- 70-80% in infants
What are the different fluid compartments of the body? - Intracellular Fluid (ICF) 2/3 of body weight
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) 1/3 of body weight: Intravascular (plasma) 1/3 of ECF,
Interstitial 2/3 of ECF
- Transcellular fluid = about 1L: GI tract, synovial, peritoneal, intraocular
What are electrolytes? - Substance whose molecules dissociate into ions (cations +, anions -) when placed
into water
What are the mechanisms of controlling fluid and - Diffusion
electrolyte movement? - Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
- Osmosis
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Oncotic pressure
What are the major Cations & Anions in ICF? - K+ (potassium) is major Cation
- PO3- (Phosphate) is major Anion
What are the major Cations & Anions in ECF? - Na+ (Sodium) is major cation
- Cl- (Chloride) is major anion
What is Diffusion? - Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
- Requires no energy
- Gases and other substances can permeate cell membranes and are distributed
throughout the body
- Membranes must be permeable to diffusing substance
What is facilitated diffusion? - Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without
energy
- uses specific carrier molecules to accelerate diffusion
- Passive
What is active transport? - Molecules move against concentration gradient e.g sodium/potassium pump
- Via active transport
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is energy source
, What is osmosis? - Movement of water between two compartments with a membrane permeable to
water but not a solute
- Moves from low solute to high solute concentration
- no energy required
What is Osmotic pressure? - The amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water.
- Is measured in milliosmoles (mOsm)
Describe the 3 kinds of Tonicity? Isotonic- fluids with the same osmolality as the cell interior
Hypotonic- solution where solute are less concentrated then the cell interior
Hypertonic- solution where solute are more concentrated then the cell interior
What is Hydrostatic pressure? - Force within a fluid compartment (Blood vessels)
- Major force that pushes water out of vascular system at capillary level
Describe First, Second and Third fluid spacing? First spacing: normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF
Second spacing: Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
Third spacing: Flyid accumulation in part of body where it is not easily exchanged
with ECF
What regulates water balance in the body? - Hypothalamic regulation
- Pituitary regulation
- Adrenal cortical regulation
- Renal regulation
- Cardiac Regulation
- Gastrointestinal regulation
How does hypothalamus regulate water balance? - Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus sense fluid deficit or increase
- Stimulates thirst and antidiuretic hormone release = causes water reabsorption in
collecting tubules
- result in increase free water and decreased plasma osmolarity
How does the pituitary gland regulate water balance? - Posterior pituitary releases ADH
- Distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys respond to ADH by becoming
more permeable to water = water reabsorbed into tubular filtrate
How does the Adrenal gland regulate water balance? - Releases Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) and Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
- Cortisol has both glucose elevating and antiinflammatory properties
- Aldosterone has sodium retention properties
How do the Kidneys regulate water balance? - Adjusting urine volume: reabsorption of water and electrolytes, Renal tubules are
the sites of ADH and aldosterone secretion
How does the Heart regulate water balance? - Natriuretic peptides are antagonists to the RAAS system
- Suppresses secretion of Aldosterone, Renin, and ADH to decrease blood volume
and pressure
How does the GI tract regulate water balance? - Diarrhea & Vomiting can lead to significant fluid and electrolyte imbalance
- Daily water intake and output are between 2000ml to 3000ml
CORRECT Answers
How much of the body is made up of water? - 50-60% of body weight in adults
- 45-55% in older adults
- 70-80% in infants
What are the different fluid compartments of the body? - Intracellular Fluid (ICF) 2/3 of body weight
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) 1/3 of body weight: Intravascular (plasma) 1/3 of ECF,
Interstitial 2/3 of ECF
- Transcellular fluid = about 1L: GI tract, synovial, peritoneal, intraocular
What are electrolytes? - Substance whose molecules dissociate into ions (cations +, anions -) when placed
into water
What are the mechanisms of controlling fluid and - Diffusion
electrolyte movement? - Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
- Osmosis
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Oncotic pressure
What are the major Cations & Anions in ICF? - K+ (potassium) is major Cation
- PO3- (Phosphate) is major Anion
What are the major Cations & Anions in ECF? - Na+ (Sodium) is major cation
- Cl- (Chloride) is major anion
What is Diffusion? - Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
- Requires no energy
- Gases and other substances can permeate cell membranes and are distributed
throughout the body
- Membranes must be permeable to diffusing substance
What is facilitated diffusion? - Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without
energy
- uses specific carrier molecules to accelerate diffusion
- Passive
What is active transport? - Molecules move against concentration gradient e.g sodium/potassium pump
- Via active transport
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is energy source
, What is osmosis? - Movement of water between two compartments with a membrane permeable to
water but not a solute
- Moves from low solute to high solute concentration
- no energy required
What is Osmotic pressure? - The amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water.
- Is measured in milliosmoles (mOsm)
Describe the 3 kinds of Tonicity? Isotonic- fluids with the same osmolality as the cell interior
Hypotonic- solution where solute are less concentrated then the cell interior
Hypertonic- solution where solute are more concentrated then the cell interior
What is Hydrostatic pressure? - Force within a fluid compartment (Blood vessels)
- Major force that pushes water out of vascular system at capillary level
Describe First, Second and Third fluid spacing? First spacing: normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF
Second spacing: Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
Third spacing: Flyid accumulation in part of body where it is not easily exchanged
with ECF
What regulates water balance in the body? - Hypothalamic regulation
- Pituitary regulation
- Adrenal cortical regulation
- Renal regulation
- Cardiac Regulation
- Gastrointestinal regulation
How does hypothalamus regulate water balance? - Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus sense fluid deficit or increase
- Stimulates thirst and antidiuretic hormone release = causes water reabsorption in
collecting tubules
- result in increase free water and decreased plasma osmolarity
How does the pituitary gland regulate water balance? - Posterior pituitary releases ADH
- Distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys respond to ADH by becoming
more permeable to water = water reabsorbed into tubular filtrate
How does the Adrenal gland regulate water balance? - Releases Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) and Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
- Cortisol has both glucose elevating and antiinflammatory properties
- Aldosterone has sodium retention properties
How do the Kidneys regulate water balance? - Adjusting urine volume: reabsorption of water and electrolytes, Renal tubules are
the sites of ADH and aldosterone secretion
How does the Heart regulate water balance? - Natriuretic peptides are antagonists to the RAAS system
- Suppresses secretion of Aldosterone, Renin, and ADH to decrease blood volume
and pressure
How does the GI tract regulate water balance? - Diarrhea & Vomiting can lead to significant fluid and electrolyte imbalance
- Daily water intake and output are between 2000ml to 3000ml
