NUSC 4P50 - LEC 4 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
what are examples of historical unethical research studies? - CORRECT ANSWER - Nazi experiments (1940-
1944)
- "nuremberg trials" (1945-1946)
what was all included in the nazi experiements? - CORRECT ANSWER - Sterilization of enemies of the state
- Ice water baths
- Saltwater injections
- Creating wounds, infecting them and introducing dirt and glass
what is the nuremberg code? - CORRECT ANSWER 10 principles:
1. voluntary consent
2. benefit to society
3. scientific validity
4. avoid unnecessary suffering
5. no risk to death or serious harm
6. the benefits should outweigh the risks
7. proper preparation
8. qualified researchers should conduct
9. persons have the right to withdraw
10. researches responsibility to terminate the study
what is the Tuskegee Studies: Untreated syphilis in African American males 1932-1973? - CORRECT ANSWER -
600 Black men took part (399 had syphilis, 201 did not).
- They were told they were being treated for "bad blood."
- No informed consent was given.
- They got free exams, meals, and burial insurance.
- Even after penicillin became a cure in 1943, they weren't treated.
- The study lasted 40 years without proper treatment.
- In 1972, a news report exposed the study.
A panel found it was "ethically unjustified" and advised ending it.
- The study officially ended in October 1972.
- The Tuskegee Health Benefit Program (THBP) was created to provide care.
In 1975, wives, widows, and children were added to the program.
- In 1995, the program expanded to include full health benefits.
- The last participant died in 2004; the last widow in 2009.
- Today, 10 children of participants still receive benefits.
what is the Goldzieher Birth Control Studies San Antonio? - CORRECT ANSWER - 70 poor Mexican-American
women joined a study on birth control pills.
- They came to the clinic for contraceptives, but were not told it was a research study.
- Half were given real pills, half got a placebo (fake pill).
- The groups were switched halfway through the study.
- The women were not told they might get a placebo.
- Result: 10 women got pregnant during the study.
what is the LSD & Brainwashing Studies & MK-Ultra? - CORRECT ANSWER - Around 80 patients in Montreal
were subjected to a controversial treatment called "depatterning."
Steps:
1. Patients were put to sleep for days using barbiturates and LSD.
2. They received massive electroshock therapy over weeks, reducing them to a childlike state.
3. They developed confusion, lost control of basic habits (e.g., eating, bladder control), and could forget things like their
marital status.
- Afterward, patients underwent "psychic driving," where they listened to repeated positive audio messages while sedated.
- The goal was to retrain behavior and erase previous habits.
- The CIA funded this study in the 1950s-60s, as they were investigating ways to control and manipulate the mind,
influenced by brainwashing concerns during the Korean War.
, what is the jewish chronic disease study? - CORRECT ANSWER - Doctors injected live cancer cells into non-
cancer patients without their consent during a research study.
- The purpose was to study the immune response to cancer cells.
- 19 patients with other chronic illnesses were used.
- The hospital claimed the patients rejected the cancer cells like healthy people, showing a normal immune response.
- A hospital director exposed the case in court, calling the patients "guinea pigs."
- The study caused public outrage due to the lack of informed consent.
what is the willowbrook hepatitis study? - CORRECT ANSWER - Children at Willowbrook State School (for
children with intellectual disabilities) were intentionally infected with hepatitis to help develop a vaccine.
- Parents gave permission, but often because it was the only way to get their child into the overcrowded school.
- Researcher Dr. Krugman argued the children would likely get hepatitis anyway and would receive better care in the
study unit.
- Critics said the consent process was misleading and pressured families due to limited options.
- The study raised serious ethical concerns about informed consent and exploitation of vulnerable populations.
what is the AZT placebo trials study? - CORRECT ANSWER - in 1994, a U.S. study showed AZT could prevent
HIV transmission from mother to child.
- Researchers then tested shorter AZT treatments in low-income countries (like Uganda, South Africa, and Thailand).
- Some pregnant women in these trials were given placebos instead of AZT.
- The trials were criticized as unethical because an effective treatment (AZT) already existed, but not all women received
it.
what is the belmont report? - CORRECT ANSWER - Identify the basic ethical principles that underlie the conduct
of research involving human subjects.
- Develop guidelines to ensure that research is conducted in accordance with those principles.
- Basis for Canadian ethical guidelines.
the belmont report identifies 3 ethical principles for research, what are they? - CORRECT ANSWER - To be
applied in the conduct of research:
a. Respect for persons
b. Beneficence/concern for welfare
c. Justice
what is respect for persons? - CORRECT ANSWER - Treat individuals as autonomous agents
- Do not use a person as a means to an end.
- Allow people to choose for themselves
- Give extra protection to those with limited autonomy
what is examples of respect for persons? - CORRECT ANSWER Informed consent, removing identity information
from qualitative study
what is beneficence? - CORRECT ANSWER Acts of kindness or charity that go beyond duty
what obligations derive from this principle? - CORRECT ANSWER - Do no harm
- Prevent harm
- Prevent evil
- Promote good
what is an example of beneficence? - CORRECT ANSWER Sound research design, competent investigators,
favorable risk-benefit ratio
what is justice? - CORRECT ANSWER - Treat people fairly
- Fair sharing of burdens and benefits of research
- Consider both the person and society as a whole
what is an example of justice? - CORRECT ANSWER Equitable selection of subjects
Which basic ethical principle most closely governs the following:
Questions and CORRECT Answers
what are examples of historical unethical research studies? - CORRECT ANSWER - Nazi experiments (1940-
1944)
- "nuremberg trials" (1945-1946)
what was all included in the nazi experiements? - CORRECT ANSWER - Sterilization of enemies of the state
- Ice water baths
- Saltwater injections
- Creating wounds, infecting them and introducing dirt and glass
what is the nuremberg code? - CORRECT ANSWER 10 principles:
1. voluntary consent
2. benefit to society
3. scientific validity
4. avoid unnecessary suffering
5. no risk to death or serious harm
6. the benefits should outweigh the risks
7. proper preparation
8. qualified researchers should conduct
9. persons have the right to withdraw
10. researches responsibility to terminate the study
what is the Tuskegee Studies: Untreated syphilis in African American males 1932-1973? - CORRECT ANSWER -
600 Black men took part (399 had syphilis, 201 did not).
- They were told they were being treated for "bad blood."
- No informed consent was given.
- They got free exams, meals, and burial insurance.
- Even after penicillin became a cure in 1943, they weren't treated.
- The study lasted 40 years without proper treatment.
- In 1972, a news report exposed the study.
A panel found it was "ethically unjustified" and advised ending it.
- The study officially ended in October 1972.
- The Tuskegee Health Benefit Program (THBP) was created to provide care.
In 1975, wives, widows, and children were added to the program.
- In 1995, the program expanded to include full health benefits.
- The last participant died in 2004; the last widow in 2009.
- Today, 10 children of participants still receive benefits.
what is the Goldzieher Birth Control Studies San Antonio? - CORRECT ANSWER - 70 poor Mexican-American
women joined a study on birth control pills.
- They came to the clinic for contraceptives, but were not told it was a research study.
- Half were given real pills, half got a placebo (fake pill).
- The groups were switched halfway through the study.
- The women were not told they might get a placebo.
- Result: 10 women got pregnant during the study.
what is the LSD & Brainwashing Studies & MK-Ultra? - CORRECT ANSWER - Around 80 patients in Montreal
were subjected to a controversial treatment called "depatterning."
Steps:
1. Patients were put to sleep for days using barbiturates and LSD.
2. They received massive electroshock therapy over weeks, reducing them to a childlike state.
3. They developed confusion, lost control of basic habits (e.g., eating, bladder control), and could forget things like their
marital status.
- Afterward, patients underwent "psychic driving," where they listened to repeated positive audio messages while sedated.
- The goal was to retrain behavior and erase previous habits.
- The CIA funded this study in the 1950s-60s, as they were investigating ways to control and manipulate the mind,
influenced by brainwashing concerns during the Korean War.
, what is the jewish chronic disease study? - CORRECT ANSWER - Doctors injected live cancer cells into non-
cancer patients without their consent during a research study.
- The purpose was to study the immune response to cancer cells.
- 19 patients with other chronic illnesses were used.
- The hospital claimed the patients rejected the cancer cells like healthy people, showing a normal immune response.
- A hospital director exposed the case in court, calling the patients "guinea pigs."
- The study caused public outrage due to the lack of informed consent.
what is the willowbrook hepatitis study? - CORRECT ANSWER - Children at Willowbrook State School (for
children with intellectual disabilities) were intentionally infected with hepatitis to help develop a vaccine.
- Parents gave permission, but often because it was the only way to get their child into the overcrowded school.
- Researcher Dr. Krugman argued the children would likely get hepatitis anyway and would receive better care in the
study unit.
- Critics said the consent process was misleading and pressured families due to limited options.
- The study raised serious ethical concerns about informed consent and exploitation of vulnerable populations.
what is the AZT placebo trials study? - CORRECT ANSWER - in 1994, a U.S. study showed AZT could prevent
HIV transmission from mother to child.
- Researchers then tested shorter AZT treatments in low-income countries (like Uganda, South Africa, and Thailand).
- Some pregnant women in these trials were given placebos instead of AZT.
- The trials were criticized as unethical because an effective treatment (AZT) already existed, but not all women received
it.
what is the belmont report? - CORRECT ANSWER - Identify the basic ethical principles that underlie the conduct
of research involving human subjects.
- Develop guidelines to ensure that research is conducted in accordance with those principles.
- Basis for Canadian ethical guidelines.
the belmont report identifies 3 ethical principles for research, what are they? - CORRECT ANSWER - To be
applied in the conduct of research:
a. Respect for persons
b. Beneficence/concern for welfare
c. Justice
what is respect for persons? - CORRECT ANSWER - Treat individuals as autonomous agents
- Do not use a person as a means to an end.
- Allow people to choose for themselves
- Give extra protection to those with limited autonomy
what is examples of respect for persons? - CORRECT ANSWER Informed consent, removing identity information
from qualitative study
what is beneficence? - CORRECT ANSWER Acts of kindness or charity that go beyond duty
what obligations derive from this principle? - CORRECT ANSWER - Do no harm
- Prevent harm
- Prevent evil
- Promote good
what is an example of beneficence? - CORRECT ANSWER Sound research design, competent investigators,
favorable risk-benefit ratio
what is justice? - CORRECT ANSWER - Treat people fairly
- Fair sharing of burdens and benefits of research
- Consider both the person and society as a whole
what is an example of justice? - CORRECT ANSWER Equitable selection of subjects
Which basic ethical principle most closely governs the following:
