PHCL 412 MIDTERM Study Guide UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Galen - CORRECT ANSWER -Focused on anatomy and described agonists vs antagonists.
William Withering - CORRECT ANSWER -Discovered digitalis from the foxglove plant to treat CHF.
Hippocrates - CORRECT ANSWER -Father of Western medicine and promoted rational thinking over superstition.
Paracelsus - CORRECT ANSWER -Father of toxicology; highlighted dose-dependent effects.
Willow bark - CORRECT ANSWER -Led to aspirin's discovery; contains salicin (salicylic acid).
Friedrich Wöhler - CORRECT ANSWER -Synthesis disprove the 'vital force theory,' founding synthetic organic
chemistry.
Morphine - CORRECT ANSWER -Isolated from opium by Friedrich Serturner; named after Morpheus.
pH effect on drug excretion - CORRECT ANSWER -Acidic urine traps basic drugs; alkaline urine traps acidic
drugs.
pKa - CORRECT ANSWER -The pH where 50% of the drug is ionized and 50% is unionized.
Unionized drugs - CORRECT ANSWER -Cross membranes easily; are lipid-soluble.
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER -The fraction (F) of administered drug reaching systemic circulation (IV =
100%).
Lipophilic drugs - CORRECT ANSWER -Large Vd, crosses membranes, metabolized by liver.
Hydrophilic drugs - CORRECT ANSWER -Small Vd, stays in plasma, excreted in urine.
Albumin - CORRECT ANSWER -Plasma protein binding; only unbound (free) drug is active.
Phase I metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER -Oxidation/reduction (CYP450 adds reactive groups).
Phase II metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER -Conjugation (adds bulky group for solubility).
Kd - CORRECT ANSWER -The concentration where 50% of receptors are bound (affinity indicator).
Efficacy vs affinity - CORRECT ANSWER -Affinity = binding strength; efficacy = ability to produce effect.
ED50 - CORRECT ANSWER -Dose that produces 50% of maximum effect (potency measure).
Full agonist - CORRECT ANSWER -Fully activates receptor (Epinephrine).
Partial agonist - CORRECT ANSWER -Activates partially (Buprenorphine).
Inverse agonist example - CORRECT ANSWER -Antihistamines at H1 receptors - reduce basal receptor activity.
Reversible antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER -Bind to receptors temporarily.
Irreversible antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER -Bind permanently to receptors.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Causes fever, pain, and inflammation; inhibited by NSAIDs.
Cyclooxygenase (COX) - CORRECT ANSWER -Enzyme that makes PGE2 and is blocked by NSAIDs.
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Galen - CORRECT ANSWER -Focused on anatomy and described agonists vs antagonists.
William Withering - CORRECT ANSWER -Discovered digitalis from the foxglove plant to treat CHF.
Hippocrates - CORRECT ANSWER -Father of Western medicine and promoted rational thinking over superstition.
Paracelsus - CORRECT ANSWER -Father of toxicology; highlighted dose-dependent effects.
Willow bark - CORRECT ANSWER -Led to aspirin's discovery; contains salicin (salicylic acid).
Friedrich Wöhler - CORRECT ANSWER -Synthesis disprove the 'vital force theory,' founding synthetic organic
chemistry.
Morphine - CORRECT ANSWER -Isolated from opium by Friedrich Serturner; named after Morpheus.
pH effect on drug excretion - CORRECT ANSWER -Acidic urine traps basic drugs; alkaline urine traps acidic
drugs.
pKa - CORRECT ANSWER -The pH where 50% of the drug is ionized and 50% is unionized.
Unionized drugs - CORRECT ANSWER -Cross membranes easily; are lipid-soluble.
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER -The fraction (F) of administered drug reaching systemic circulation (IV =
100%).
Lipophilic drugs - CORRECT ANSWER -Large Vd, crosses membranes, metabolized by liver.
Hydrophilic drugs - CORRECT ANSWER -Small Vd, stays in plasma, excreted in urine.
Albumin - CORRECT ANSWER -Plasma protein binding; only unbound (free) drug is active.
Phase I metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER -Oxidation/reduction (CYP450 adds reactive groups).
Phase II metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER -Conjugation (adds bulky group for solubility).
Kd - CORRECT ANSWER -The concentration where 50% of receptors are bound (affinity indicator).
Efficacy vs affinity - CORRECT ANSWER -Affinity = binding strength; efficacy = ability to produce effect.
ED50 - CORRECT ANSWER -Dose that produces 50% of maximum effect (potency measure).
Full agonist - CORRECT ANSWER -Fully activates receptor (Epinephrine).
Partial agonist - CORRECT ANSWER -Activates partially (Buprenorphine).
Inverse agonist example - CORRECT ANSWER -Antihistamines at H1 receptors - reduce basal receptor activity.
Reversible antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER -Bind to receptors temporarily.
Irreversible antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER -Bind permanently to receptors.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) - CORRECT ANSWER -Causes fever, pain, and inflammation; inhibited by NSAIDs.
Cyclooxygenase (COX) - CORRECT ANSWER -Enzyme that makes PGE2 and is blocked by NSAIDs.
