PSYC 388- Final EXAM UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. - CORRECT ANSWER -
There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it distinguished counselling from
other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling.
E.G. Williamson - CORRECT ANSWER Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - CORRECT ANSWER He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better treatment of
patients and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - CORRECT ANSWER Founder of vocational guidance
Carl Rogers - CORRECT ANSWER Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
Albert Ellis - CORRECT ANSWER Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that
focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - CORRECT ANSWER Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the adult,
and the parent.
Aaron Beck - CORRECT ANSWER Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify automatic
thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - CORRECT ANSWER (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security,
(level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - CORRECT ANSWER Counselling in USA grew out of professional
psychology; in Canada grew out of educational psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - CORRECT ANSWER attention to gender issues and sexual
preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working with different ethnic and
cultural groups.
Lawrence Kohlberg - CORRECT ANSWER moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their
responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife
and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - CORRECT ANSWER Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian colleges and universities,
contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada. - CORRECT ANSWER Counsellors and
guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring
full-time counsellors as a result of the rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as
a crucial part of schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is: - CORRECT
ANSWER their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - CORRECT ANSWER choice; change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - CORRECT ANSWER Curiosity,
,ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
6. Vicarious rebellion
identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it. - CORRECT
ANSWER state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions
meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern, compassion, and feeling
for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and interpersonal factors
associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-reduction exercises, engaging in
self-assessment, setting aside free and private time.
differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry. - CORRECT
ANSWER Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or counselling
psychologists.
Social work: Need BSW or MSw
Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum.
Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use the medical model.
describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals in Canada. - CORRECT
ANSWER CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related.
To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and meet core competencies
such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc. Students must complete a 100hr practicum, and a 400hr
practicum.
Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario Institute for studies in
education.
Social work: Most social work schools in canada are accredited voluntarily through the Canadian Association for Social
Work Education.
Three levels of helping relationships - CORRECT ANSWER -nonprofessional
-paraprofessional
-professional
Attributes of counselling -- Medical - CORRECT ANSWER Client not accountable for cause of problem or
solution. Can become dependent on counsellor.
Attributes of counselling -- Moral Model - CORRECT ANSWER Clients responsible for causing and solving
problem. Might be victim of circumstances but respo for own victimization.
Attributes of counselling -- Compensatory Model - CORRECT ANSWER Resp for solving but not causing
problem. Pressure to solve problems they didn't create.
, Attributes of counselling -- Enlightenment Model - CORRECT ANSWER Resp for causing but not solving
problem. Dependent on counsellor
Systems of Counselling - CORRECT ANSWER Wellness/Developmental and Medical/Pathological
Developmental/Wellness approach - CORRECT ANSWER Based on stages, outlined for development of human
growth.
Behaviors appropriate at one stage of life not appropriate for other stages.
Wellness goes further, emphasizes health, that you can solve your problems.
stress inoculation training - CORRECT ANSWER a reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful
situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation, use of imagery or simulated rehearsal. (A
developmental/wellness approach)
medical/pathological model - CORRECT ANSWER treatment plans are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - IV - TR)
Axes of DSM-IV - CORRECT ANSWER Disorders are deeply within the individual. Limits of DSM - system of
limited value to many counsellors not working with deeply disturbed individuals.
Supervision Model STIPS - CORRECT ANSWER signs,
topics,
interventions used,
progress,
special issues of importance.
Advocacy - CORRECT ANSWER taking action to influence others to address a health-related concern or to
support a health-related belief
Every counsellor has his or her own personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes. Discuss how some of these needs might
interfere with the counselling process. Which personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes might hinder or help this
process? - CORRECT ANSWER Those who have a need for power can and up hindering the counselling process
as a consequence. They might not be able to see the client's problem objectively. Rather, they might try to help the client
in a way that allows them to have control over the client, and makes them feel more powerful.
Counsellors who might have unresolved trauma might project their trauma onto the client. They are not able to see the
client's problem as separate from their own, and they "help" the client by doing what is best for the counsellors trauma,
and not what is best for the client.
Those who have a need for love can counsel their clients in ways that would make the counsellor feel they are needed.
Those who have a natural interest in people and those who have an ability to listen and are comfortable having
conversations with others, who have empathy and are understanding, have a tolerance for intimacy, and are comfortable
with power are well suited for the counselling profession.
Counsellors who are more social and artistic are more effective than those who are more realistic and conventional.
Describe the process of becoming a counsellor in Canada. Explain how areas of competency are developed for
counsellors. - CORRECT ANSWER Most counsellors in canada are either social workers or counselling
psychologists.
Counsellors must obtain a minimum Masters Degree, and some have PsyD or PhD.
Describe some of the career settings counsellors work in. What settings are regulated, and which settings are not
regulated? How do you determine what regulations exist within a counselling setting that you might be interested in?
Compare regulation and certification. - CORRECT ANSWER Settings: clinical and hospitals, correctional centres,
mental health facilities, schools, government, businesses, and private research agencies.
Regulations: Private research agencies may not be regulated. They should be regulated, even if counsellor is in private
practice.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. - CORRECT ANSWER -
There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it distinguished counselling from
other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling.
E.G. Williamson - CORRECT ANSWER Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - CORRECT ANSWER He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better treatment of
patients and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - CORRECT ANSWER Founder of vocational guidance
Carl Rogers - CORRECT ANSWER Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
Albert Ellis - CORRECT ANSWER Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that
focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - CORRECT ANSWER Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the adult,
and the parent.
Aaron Beck - CORRECT ANSWER Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify automatic
thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - CORRECT ANSWER (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security,
(level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - CORRECT ANSWER Counselling in USA grew out of professional
psychology; in Canada grew out of educational psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - CORRECT ANSWER attention to gender issues and sexual
preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working with different ethnic and
cultural groups.
Lawrence Kohlberg - CORRECT ANSWER moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their
responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife
and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - CORRECT ANSWER Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian colleges and universities,
contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada. - CORRECT ANSWER Counsellors and
guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring
full-time counsellors as a result of the rising popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as
a crucial part of schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is: - CORRECT
ANSWER their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - CORRECT ANSWER choice; change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - CORRECT ANSWER Curiosity,
,ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
5. Need for love,
6. Vicarious rebellion
identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it. - CORRECT
ANSWER state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot perform functions
meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern, compassion, and feeling
for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and interpersonal factors
associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-reduction exercises, engaging in
self-assessment, setting aside free and private time.
differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry. - CORRECT
ANSWER Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or counselling
psychologists.
Social work: Need BSW or MSw
Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum.
Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use the medical model.
describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals in Canada. - CORRECT
ANSWER CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related.
To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and meet core competencies
such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc. Students must complete a 100hr practicum, and a 400hr
practicum.
Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario Institute for studies in
education.
Social work: Most social work schools in canada are accredited voluntarily through the Canadian Association for Social
Work Education.
Three levels of helping relationships - CORRECT ANSWER -nonprofessional
-paraprofessional
-professional
Attributes of counselling -- Medical - CORRECT ANSWER Client not accountable for cause of problem or
solution. Can become dependent on counsellor.
Attributes of counselling -- Moral Model - CORRECT ANSWER Clients responsible for causing and solving
problem. Might be victim of circumstances but respo for own victimization.
Attributes of counselling -- Compensatory Model - CORRECT ANSWER Resp for solving but not causing
problem. Pressure to solve problems they didn't create.
, Attributes of counselling -- Enlightenment Model - CORRECT ANSWER Resp for causing but not solving
problem. Dependent on counsellor
Systems of Counselling - CORRECT ANSWER Wellness/Developmental and Medical/Pathological
Developmental/Wellness approach - CORRECT ANSWER Based on stages, outlined for development of human
growth.
Behaviors appropriate at one stage of life not appropriate for other stages.
Wellness goes further, emphasizes health, that you can solve your problems.
stress inoculation training - CORRECT ANSWER a reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful
situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation, use of imagery or simulated rehearsal. (A
developmental/wellness approach)
medical/pathological model - CORRECT ANSWER treatment plans are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - IV - TR)
Axes of DSM-IV - CORRECT ANSWER Disorders are deeply within the individual. Limits of DSM - system of
limited value to many counsellors not working with deeply disturbed individuals.
Supervision Model STIPS - CORRECT ANSWER signs,
topics,
interventions used,
progress,
special issues of importance.
Advocacy - CORRECT ANSWER taking action to influence others to address a health-related concern or to
support a health-related belief
Every counsellor has his or her own personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes. Discuss how some of these needs might
interfere with the counselling process. Which personal needs, values, beliefs, and attitudes might hinder or help this
process? - CORRECT ANSWER Those who have a need for power can and up hindering the counselling process
as a consequence. They might not be able to see the client's problem objectively. Rather, they might try to help the client
in a way that allows them to have control over the client, and makes them feel more powerful.
Counsellors who might have unresolved trauma might project their trauma onto the client. They are not able to see the
client's problem as separate from their own, and they "help" the client by doing what is best for the counsellors trauma,
and not what is best for the client.
Those who have a need for love can counsel their clients in ways that would make the counsellor feel they are needed.
Those who have a natural interest in people and those who have an ability to listen and are comfortable having
conversations with others, who have empathy and are understanding, have a tolerance for intimacy, and are comfortable
with power are well suited for the counselling profession.
Counsellors who are more social and artistic are more effective than those who are more realistic and conventional.
Describe the process of becoming a counsellor in Canada. Explain how areas of competency are developed for
counsellors. - CORRECT ANSWER Most counsellors in canada are either social workers or counselling
psychologists.
Counsellors must obtain a minimum Masters Degree, and some have PsyD or PhD.
Describe some of the career settings counsellors work in. What settings are regulated, and which settings are not
regulated? How do you determine what regulations exist within a counselling setting that you might be interested in?
Compare regulation and certification. - CORRECT ANSWER Settings: clinical and hospitals, correctional centres,
mental health facilities, schools, government, businesses, and private research agencies.
Regulations: Private research agencies may not be regulated. They should be regulated, even if counsellor is in private
practice.
