APEA STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPREHENSIVE ANSWER DIGEST

APEA STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPREHENSIVE
ANSWER DIGEST



◉Heart failure. Answer: Condition with decreased cardiac output,
causes congestion.


◉Jugular venous distention. Answer: Sign of heart failure, indicates
fluid overload.


◉Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). Answer: Condition with
heartburn and regurgitation symptoms.


◉Peripheral artery disease. Answer: Causes leg pain during activity,
known as claudication.


◉Papilledema. Answer: Swelling of optic disc due to increased
pressure.


◉Cullen's sign. Answer: Bruising around umbilicus, indicates
hemorrhagic conditions.

, ◉Gray Turner's sign. Answer: Bruising on flanks, suggests
retroperitoneal hemorrhage.


◉Hiatal hernia. Answer: Stomach bulges through diaphragm, causes
GERD symptoms.


◉Keloid. Answer: Raised scar from excessive collagen formation.


◉Cutaneous cyst. Answer: Benign closed sac in skin, may contain
fluid.


◉Chondrodermatitis. Answer: Painful skin condition, often on ear or
nose.


◉Iron deficiency anemia. Answer: Low iron levels causing fatigue
and weakness.


◉Valsalva maneuver. Answer: Forces air against closed airway, can
trigger headaches.


◉Urge incontinence. Answer: Sudden urge to urinate, often treated
with anticholinergics.