mammalian practice exam UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT Answers
What ion is most prevalent in the intracellular fluid Potassium (K+) is the most prevalent ion in the intracellular fluid compartment.
compartment?
Which organ is essential for maintaining normal blood The kidney is essential for maintaining normal blood pH.
pH?
What percentage of kidney function must be lost before A patient must lose nearly 75% of kidney function before homeostasis begins to
homeostasis is affected? be affected.
What distinguishes cardiac muscle cells from skeletal Cardiac muscle cells can generate a graded contraction, varying the amount of
muscle cells? force they produce.
What structure is marked with a blue circle in the image? The structure marked with a blue circle is the optic nerve.
Where are neurotransmitters stored and released from? Neurotransmitters are stored and released from axon terminals and axon
varicosities.
What condition would cause an increase in the A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood would cause an
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? increase in GFR.
, Which structures ensure one-way blood flow through the The aortic valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and bicuspid valve all ensure one-
heart? way blood flow through the heart.
How is the alien's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) The alien's GFR is calculated as the excretion rate of mannitol divided by the
calculated? plasma concentration of mannitol.
Which structure responds to changes in body position The vestibular apparatus responds to changes in body position and can cause
and can cause vertigo when dysfunctional? vertigo when functioning abnormally.
What marks a single muscle cell termed a muscle fiber? A muscle fiber is marked by the sarcolemma, which surrounds each muscle cell.
What are the four diffuse modulatory systems and their The four diffuse modulatory systems are: Cholinergic (acetylcholine), Serotonergic
neurotransmitters? (serotonin), Catecholaminergic (catecholamines), and Dopaminergic (dopamine).
Which organ is most likely contributing to low blood The kidney is most likely contributing to low blood volume and dehydration.
volume and dehydration in a kidney patient?
What happens to the total cross-sectional area of vessels The total cross-sectional area of vessels in the digestive tract increases during
in the digestive tract during eating? eating.
What opens the calcium release channel in smooth The inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor channel opens the calcium release
muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum? channel in smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What do the kidneys remove and conserve to maintain The kidneys remove H+ and conserve HCO3- to maintain blood pH.
blood pH?
What functions are checked to confirm the presence of a Functions checked include blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting.
brain stem tumor?
Which sarcomeres produce the most tension during The sarcomeres that are optimally overlapped produce the most tension during
muscle contraction? muscle contraction.
Where do signaling events travel to during hearing? Signaling events travel to the auditory cortex to allow the listener to perceive
sound.
What part of the ECG tracing depicts the QRS curve? The QRS complex is depicted in the middle part of the ECG tracing.
What is the likely cause of muscle cramps during Muscle cramps during dehydration are most likely due to hypokalemia, which
dehydration? affects muscle contraction.
CORRECT Answers
What ion is most prevalent in the intracellular fluid Potassium (K+) is the most prevalent ion in the intracellular fluid compartment.
compartment?
Which organ is essential for maintaining normal blood The kidney is essential for maintaining normal blood pH.
pH?
What percentage of kidney function must be lost before A patient must lose nearly 75% of kidney function before homeostasis begins to
homeostasis is affected? be affected.
What distinguishes cardiac muscle cells from skeletal Cardiac muscle cells can generate a graded contraction, varying the amount of
muscle cells? force they produce.
What structure is marked with a blue circle in the image? The structure marked with a blue circle is the optic nerve.
Where are neurotransmitters stored and released from? Neurotransmitters are stored and released from axon terminals and axon
varicosities.
What condition would cause an increase in the A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood would cause an
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? increase in GFR.
, Which structures ensure one-way blood flow through the The aortic valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and bicuspid valve all ensure one-
heart? way blood flow through the heart.
How is the alien's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) The alien's GFR is calculated as the excretion rate of mannitol divided by the
calculated? plasma concentration of mannitol.
Which structure responds to changes in body position The vestibular apparatus responds to changes in body position and can cause
and can cause vertigo when dysfunctional? vertigo when functioning abnormally.
What marks a single muscle cell termed a muscle fiber? A muscle fiber is marked by the sarcolemma, which surrounds each muscle cell.
What are the four diffuse modulatory systems and their The four diffuse modulatory systems are: Cholinergic (acetylcholine), Serotonergic
neurotransmitters? (serotonin), Catecholaminergic (catecholamines), and Dopaminergic (dopamine).
Which organ is most likely contributing to low blood The kidney is most likely contributing to low blood volume and dehydration.
volume and dehydration in a kidney patient?
What happens to the total cross-sectional area of vessels The total cross-sectional area of vessels in the digestive tract increases during
in the digestive tract during eating? eating.
What opens the calcium release channel in smooth The inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor channel opens the calcium release
muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum? channel in smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What do the kidneys remove and conserve to maintain The kidneys remove H+ and conserve HCO3- to maintain blood pH.
blood pH?
What functions are checked to confirm the presence of a Functions checked include blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting.
brain stem tumor?
Which sarcomeres produce the most tension during The sarcomeres that are optimally overlapped produce the most tension during
muscle contraction? muscle contraction.
Where do signaling events travel to during hearing? Signaling events travel to the auditory cortex to allow the listener to perceive
sound.
What part of the ECG tracing depicts the QRS curve? The QRS complex is depicted in the middle part of the ECG tracing.
What is the likely cause of muscle cramps during Muscle cramps during dehydration are most likely due to hypokalemia, which
dehydration? affects muscle contraction.
