GACE Test 1 and 2 School Counselor Exam and Praxis II
School Counselor UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Schemes According to Piaget, human thinking is areanged into these which are organized
mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions. These direct and determine
how data from the world are seen and handled
Assimilation Process in which people understand and experience in terms of their current stage
of cognitive development and way of thinking. This occurs when people use their
current ways of thinking about and understanding the world to perceive and
understand a new experience. Piaget suggested that growth in children's
understanding of the world can be explained by 2 basic principles of ____ and _____
(its opposite).
Accommodation Refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new
stimuli or events. This works in tandem with another to bring about cognitive
development. This was one of 2 principles suggested by Piaget as a way to explain
how children understand the world.
4 main cognitive development theorists Piaget, Skinner, Vygostsky, and Bandura
Piaget's key constructs egocentrism and sociocentrism
B. F. Skinner Key Constructs Behavior modification, stimulus, response, positive and negative reinforcement and
punishment, schedules of reinforcement.
Skinner Our behavior is determined by environmental factors which dismisses the notion of
invividual freedom. School counselor's still widely use his behavioral concepts.
Learning driven by operant conditioning
Vygotsky Cognitive theorist who suggests learning is contextual and driven by culture,
environment, and social interactions
Vygotsky's key constructs Guided participation, zone of proximal development, scaffolding, cultural
mediation, internalization
Albert Bandura Cognitive Theorist who suggests learning is driven by modeling
Albert Bandura's key constructs Motivation, observational learning, reciprocal determinism
Skinner Cognitive theorist who advocated for reinforcement over punishment unless
repeated attempts using schedules of reinforcement are unsuccessful.
, Skinner Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning Skinner suggested this theory that is the belief that behavior is learned. Voluntary
behaviors known as responses that are followed by a reinforcing stimulus are
repeated as a result of desirable consequences and behaviors that are followed by
a punishing stimulus are not repeated as the result of undesirable consequences.
Schedules of Reinforcement Skinner promoted this multiple ___ over time to modify or shape behavior. This is
most often used by school counselors to either increase or decrease the frequency
or specific child and adolescents behaviors.
Example of Schedule of Reinforcement behavior contract
Used most often with children and adolescents diagnosed Behavioral counseling (Skinner's use of schedule of reinforcements)
with ADHD
Exempting students from a final exam of they have perfect Negative Reinforcement
attendance is an example of what? (Skinner)
Vygotsky approach to human development social development theory
Social development theory of vygotsky Thought, language, and reasoning development are contextual and driven by
culture, environment, and social interactions.
Vygotsky's key premise Cultural mediation
Cultural mediation Vygotsky held that the interactions between a child and the cultural group as well as
individuals of the culture that develops cognitive constructs such as speech
patterns, written language, and symbolic knowledge.
process of Internalization acquistion of specific and shared knowledge of a culture. Cultural mediation occurs
during this process
negative reinforcement Is Not punishment
Skinner's instrumental learning Operant conditioning .
relativistic thinking things can be right/wrong based on the a specific situation
Piaget's 3rd stage Concrete operations
Piaget's 2nd stage Preoperations
Piaget's first stage Sensorimotor
Piaget's 4th stage Formal operations
Freud Psychosexual theory of development
Erikson Psychosocial theory of development
School Counselor UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Schemes According to Piaget, human thinking is areanged into these which are organized
mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions. These direct and determine
how data from the world are seen and handled
Assimilation Process in which people understand and experience in terms of their current stage
of cognitive development and way of thinking. This occurs when people use their
current ways of thinking about and understanding the world to perceive and
understand a new experience. Piaget suggested that growth in children's
understanding of the world can be explained by 2 basic principles of ____ and _____
(its opposite).
Accommodation Refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new
stimuli or events. This works in tandem with another to bring about cognitive
development. This was one of 2 principles suggested by Piaget as a way to explain
how children understand the world.
4 main cognitive development theorists Piaget, Skinner, Vygostsky, and Bandura
Piaget's key constructs egocentrism and sociocentrism
B. F. Skinner Key Constructs Behavior modification, stimulus, response, positive and negative reinforcement and
punishment, schedules of reinforcement.
Skinner Our behavior is determined by environmental factors which dismisses the notion of
invividual freedom. School counselor's still widely use his behavioral concepts.
Learning driven by operant conditioning
Vygotsky Cognitive theorist who suggests learning is contextual and driven by culture,
environment, and social interactions
Vygotsky's key constructs Guided participation, zone of proximal development, scaffolding, cultural
mediation, internalization
Albert Bandura Cognitive Theorist who suggests learning is driven by modeling
Albert Bandura's key constructs Motivation, observational learning, reciprocal determinism
Skinner Cognitive theorist who advocated for reinforcement over punishment unless
repeated attempts using schedules of reinforcement are unsuccessful.
, Skinner Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning Skinner suggested this theory that is the belief that behavior is learned. Voluntary
behaviors known as responses that are followed by a reinforcing stimulus are
repeated as a result of desirable consequences and behaviors that are followed by
a punishing stimulus are not repeated as the result of undesirable consequences.
Schedules of Reinforcement Skinner promoted this multiple ___ over time to modify or shape behavior. This is
most often used by school counselors to either increase or decrease the frequency
or specific child and adolescents behaviors.
Example of Schedule of Reinforcement behavior contract
Used most often with children and adolescents diagnosed Behavioral counseling (Skinner's use of schedule of reinforcements)
with ADHD
Exempting students from a final exam of they have perfect Negative Reinforcement
attendance is an example of what? (Skinner)
Vygotsky approach to human development social development theory
Social development theory of vygotsky Thought, language, and reasoning development are contextual and driven by
culture, environment, and social interactions.
Vygotsky's key premise Cultural mediation
Cultural mediation Vygotsky held that the interactions between a child and the cultural group as well as
individuals of the culture that develops cognitive constructs such as speech
patterns, written language, and symbolic knowledge.
process of Internalization acquistion of specific and shared knowledge of a culture. Cultural mediation occurs
during this process
negative reinforcement Is Not punishment
Skinner's instrumental learning Operant conditioning .
relativistic thinking things can be right/wrong based on the a specific situation
Piaget's 3rd stage Concrete operations
Piaget's 2nd stage Preoperations
Piaget's first stage Sensorimotor
Piaget's 4th stage Formal operations
Freud Psychosexual theory of development
Erikson Psychosocial theory of development
