NGR6141 Advanced Patho - Exam 2 Objectives UPDATED
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT Answers
1a. How does the skin protect us against antigens in the - It is the first line of defense, regulates body temp, immune response
environment? - provides a protective barrier between the host and the outside environment,
and the linings of the internal body organs help absorb substances into the body,
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? excrete waste products, and secrete substances into body cavities.
- this tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
- provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secreting substances meant to
trap of destroy microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the - Keratinocytes - produce keratin (scleroprotein - protection from stress)
protecting us from antigens? - Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radiation, determines skin color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, initiates immune response with
dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the - Fibroblasts - generate connective tissue, for wound healing
protecting us from antigens? - Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensitivity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocytotic, partial role in immune response, wound healing
- Histocytes - in loose connective tissue, Machrophange, phagocytes pigments
and debris of inflammation
1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from - Nails: protective keratinized plates
antigens? - Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evaporation
, 2. In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the body - Allergan comes into contact with the skin bound to a carrier protein, forming a
recognize the antigen? Think about how the immune hapten-specific sensitizing antigen
response and the cells involved. - Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and chemokine
leading to leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
3. What is Tinea Corpis? - A condition known as RINGWORM that is a fungal infection of the skin caused by
Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified according to the location.
results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red) scaly
patches with a slightly elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no
covered by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis? - A chronic hereditary skin disease characterized by intense itching inflamed skin
which causes redness swelling cracking crusting and scaling. Aka Atopic Eczema.
Severe Puritis
- Lichenification - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching and scar
tissue formation
5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367) a) Malignant bone forming tumor, most often in bone marrow.
a) Osteogenic sarcoma - b) CA from epithelial cells, surface, tumor of skin
b) Basal cell carcinoma - c) CA from Mesenchymal origin, Granular leukocytes and precursors, slow
proliferation of malignant cells, located in bone marrow
c) Multiple myeloma -
d) CA from Glandular or ductal epithelium, tumor from from epithelial cells with a
d) Adenocarcinoma - glandular patterns, effects ducts and glands
6. What is meant by tumor cell markers? (Mod 8a - p372) - biochemical markers that are sensitive to specific types of tumors and are used
to screen, diagnosed, assess the prognosis and treatment, and monitor
reoccurrences.
found in the blood, CSF and urine.
- produced by benign or malignant tumors
- include hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies
example: Liver and Germ cell tumors - secrete alpha fetoprotein into blood;
Prostate Tumors secrete PSA into blood stream
7. Describe apoptosis: (chap 2 p 92) - Active processes by which cells self-destruct in normal and pathological tissues.
This self-destruct mechanism, is triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal
development and excessive growth (see Chapter 2).
- Death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathologic states including the
following: severe cell injury, accumulation of misfiled proteins, infection (viral
mostly) and obstruction in tissue ducts
- Increased apoptosis is known to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases,
ischemic injury (such as myocardial infarction and stroke), and death of virus-
infected cells in many viral infections.
- The pathway to apoptosis is often disabled in advanced cancers.
- Induced by Tumor Suppressor Gene (p 53)
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT Answers
1a. How does the skin protect us against antigens in the - It is the first line of defense, regulates body temp, immune response
environment? - provides a protective barrier between the host and the outside environment,
and the linings of the internal body organs help absorb substances into the body,
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? excrete waste products, and secrete substances into body cavities.
- this tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
- provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secreting substances meant to
trap of destroy microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet cells, saliva, tears.
1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the - Keratinocytes - produce keratin (scleroprotein - protection from stress)
protecting us from antigens? - Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radiation, determines skin color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, initiates immune response with
dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the - Fibroblasts - generate connective tissue, for wound healing
protecting us from antigens? - Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensitivity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocytotic, partial role in immune response, wound healing
- Histocytes - in loose connective tissue, Machrophange, phagocytes pigments
and debris of inflammation
1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from - Nails: protective keratinized plates
antigens? - Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evaporation
, 2. In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the body - Allergan comes into contact with the skin bound to a carrier protein, forming a
recognize the antigen? Think about how the immune hapten-specific sensitizing antigen
response and the cells involved. - Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and chemokine
leading to leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
3. What is Tinea Corpis? - A condition known as RINGWORM that is a fungal infection of the skin caused by
Trichophyton or mircosporum, classified according to the location.
results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red) scaly
patches with a slightly elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or areas no
covered by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis? - A chronic hereditary skin disease characterized by intense itching inflamed skin
which causes redness swelling cracking crusting and scaling. Aka Atopic Eczema.
Severe Puritis
- Lichenification - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching and scar
tissue formation
5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367) a) Malignant bone forming tumor, most often in bone marrow.
a) Osteogenic sarcoma - b) CA from epithelial cells, surface, tumor of skin
b) Basal cell carcinoma - c) CA from Mesenchymal origin, Granular leukocytes and precursors, slow
proliferation of malignant cells, located in bone marrow
c) Multiple myeloma -
d) CA from Glandular or ductal epithelium, tumor from from epithelial cells with a
d) Adenocarcinoma - glandular patterns, effects ducts and glands
6. What is meant by tumor cell markers? (Mod 8a - p372) - biochemical markers that are sensitive to specific types of tumors and are used
to screen, diagnosed, assess the prognosis and treatment, and monitor
reoccurrences.
found in the blood, CSF and urine.
- produced by benign or malignant tumors
- include hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies
example: Liver and Germ cell tumors - secrete alpha fetoprotein into blood;
Prostate Tumors secrete PSA into blood stream
7. Describe apoptosis: (chap 2 p 92) - Active processes by which cells self-destruct in normal and pathological tissues.
This self-destruct mechanism, is triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal
development and excessive growth (see Chapter 2).
- Death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathologic states including the
following: severe cell injury, accumulation of misfiled proteins, infection (viral
mostly) and obstruction in tissue ducts
- Increased apoptosis is known to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases,
ischemic injury (such as myocardial infarction and stroke), and death of virus-
infected cells in many viral infections.
- The pathway to apoptosis is often disabled in advanced cancers.
- Induced by Tumor Suppressor Gene (p 53)
