PSY 2340 - EXAM 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PSY 2340 - EXAM 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory - Answers A theory that describes development across the lifespan through stages focused on resolving social and emotional conflicts Emotions - Answers Complex feelings that involve physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience Smiling - Answers An early emotional expression used for communication and bonding Reflexive smile - Answers An involuntary smile seen in newborns often during sleep Social smile - Answers A smile in response to another person, typically developing around 2-3 months Universal facial expressions - Answers Facial expressions that are recognized across cultures such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust Self-conscious emotions - Answers Emotions like pride, guilt, shame, and embarrassment that require self-awareness Social cognition - Answers The ability to understand others' thoughts, feelings, and intentions Social referencing - Answers Looking to others for cues on how to react in uncertain situations Stranger anxiety - Answers Fear of unfamiliar people, usually appearing around 6 months Separation anxiety/protest - Answers Distress when separated from a primary caregiver Self-regulation - Answers The ability to control one's emotions and behavior Prosocial behavior - Answers Voluntary actions intended to help others Aggression - Answers Behavior intended to harm another person Self-esteem - Answers One's overall sense of self-worth Display rules - Answers Cultural norms that regulate how emotions are expressed Emotion coaching parents - Answers Parents who guide children in understanding and managing emotions Emotion dismissing parents - Answers Parents who ignore or minimize children's emotions Fight or flight - Answers A physiological response preparing the body to confront or escape danger Tend and befriend - Answers A stress response involving nurturing others and seeking social support Temperament - Answers Biological differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation Easy baby - Answers A child with a generally positive mood and regular routines Difficult baby - Answers A child who is irritable, intense, and irregular in routines Slow-to-warm-up baby - Answers A child who is less active and slow to adapt to new situations Goodness of fit - Answers The compatibility between a child's temperament and their environment Attachment - Answers Emotional bond between a child and caregiver Harlow's attachment study - Answers Research showing that comfort is more important than food in attachment formation Ainsworth's Strange Situation - Answers A lab procedure used to assess attachment by observing reactions to separation and reunion Securely attached children - Answers Children who trust caregivers and feel safe exploring Insecure avoidant children - Answers Children who avoid caregivers and show little emotion Insecure resistant children - Answers Children who are clingy and anxious but also resistant to comfort Developmental cascade model - Answers The idea that development in one area influences development in others over time Love - Answers A complex emotional connection involving intimacy, passion, and commitment Adult attachment styles - Answers Patterns of relationships in adulthood based on early attachment Sternberg's triangular theory of love - Answers A theory that love consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment Intimacy - Answers Emotional closeness and connection Passion - Answers Physical attraction and romantic desire Commitment - Answers Decision to maintain a long-term relationship Intimate partner violence - Answers Physical, emotional, or sexual harm between romantic partners Self - Answers The understanding of who one is Self-understanding - Answers Knowledge about one's own traits and abilities Rouge Test - Answers A test of self-recognition where a child notices a mark on their face Real self - Answers Who a person actually is Ideal self - Answers Who a person wants to be Possible selves - Answers What individuals might become in the future Life review - Answers Reflecting on one's life experiences, often in older adulthood Selective optimization with compensation theory - Answers A strategy for adapting to aging by focusing on strengths and compensating for losses Identity - Answers A sense of who one is and what one stands for Identity versus identity confusion - Answers Erikson's stage focused on developing a clear sense of self Marcia's identity statuses - Answers Categories of identity development based on crisis and commitment Crisis - Answers A period of exploration in identity development Commitment - Answers Personal investment in identity choices Identity achievement - Answers Having explored and committed to an identity Identity diffusion - Answers Lack of both exploration and commitment Identity foreclosure - Answers Commitment without exploration Identity moratorium - Answers Active exploration without commitment Cultural identity formation - Answers Developing a sense of belonging to a cultural group Individualism - Answers Emphasizing personal independence and goals Collectivism - Answers Emphasizing group goals and interdependence Assimilation model - Answers A model where minorities adopt the dominant culture Pluralistic society model - Answers A model where multiple cultures coexist while maintaining differences Ethnic identity formation - Answers Development of identity related to one's ethnicity Bicultural identity - Answers Identifying with two cultures Race dissonance - Answers Conflict experienced when recognizing racism or cultural differences Clark doll study - Answers A study showing the effects of racism on children's self-perception Midlife review - Answers Reflection on accomplishments and goals during middle adulthood Personality - Answers Enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Normative-crisis model - Answers The idea that development occurs through age-related stages Contemporary life-events approach - Answers Development influenced by specific life events Trait theories - Answers Theories that describe personality based on stable traits Big Five factors of personality - Answers Five broad traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism Gender - Answers Social and cultural roles associated with being male or female Gender identity - Answers One's internal sense of gender Gender role - Answers Expectations for behavior based on gender Gender stereotypes - Answers Overgeneralized beliefs about genders Gender-typing - Answers Acquisition of behaviors considered appropriate for one's gender Androgyny - Answers Having both masculine and feminine traits Transgender - Answers Identifying with a gender different from assigned sex at birth Cisgender - Answers Identifying with assigned sex at birth Gender-intensification hypothesis - Answers Increased gender differences during adolescence Gender development theories - Answers Theories explaining how gender identity develops Psychoanalytic theory of gender - Answers Freud's theory linking gender identity to early childhood experiences Social cognitive theory of gender - Answers Learning gender roles through observation and reinforcement