Cardiovascular Disorders, HLD, PAD EXAM
WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026:
Full Exam Prep with Practice Tests,
Answers Review
What are you expected to do in cardiovascular clinical
assessment and decision-making? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Perform a comprehensive health history, complete
physical assessment skills in primary care, use diagnostic
reasoning with a differential diagnosis, and provide
health promotion and disease prevention teaching.
,What is a differential diagnosis? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-A list
of possible causes you are ruling in or ruling out.
What should you be able to explain about hypertension
by the end of this section? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations.
What should you be able to describe related to
hypertension diagnostics? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Diagnostic
tests and lab values related to hypertension.
What nursing concepts should you apply for
hypertension? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Plan care and evaluate
outcomes for a patient with hypertension.
What does JNC 8 stand for? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Joint
National Committee 8 (hypertension treatment guideline
set).
,What is primary hypertension? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Hypertension with no single identifiable cause; it is the
most common type.
What is secondary hypertension? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Hypertension caused by another medical condition.
What does RAAS stand for? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system.
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
and how does it raise blood pressure? - ✔✔ANSWER
✔✔-A hormone system that raises blood pressure by
tightening blood vessels and holding onto sodium and
water.
What mechanisms can cause hypertension to develop? -
✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Increased systemic vascular resistance
and/or increased cardiac output.
, What does CO stand for? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Cardiac
output.
What is vascular remodeling in hypertension? -
✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Structural changes in blood vessel walls
over time that worsen blood flow and raise resistance.
What is endothelial dysfunction? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-The
inner lining of blood vessels does not function properly.
What organs can be damaged long-term by
hypertension? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Heart, kidneys, brain,
and eyes.
What does BP stand for? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Blood
pressure.
What is normal blood pressure? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Less
than 120 / less than 80 millimeters of mercury.
WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026:
Full Exam Prep with Practice Tests,
Answers Review
What are you expected to do in cardiovascular clinical
assessment and decision-making? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Perform a comprehensive health history, complete
physical assessment skills in primary care, use diagnostic
reasoning with a differential diagnosis, and provide
health promotion and disease prevention teaching.
,What is a differential diagnosis? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-A list
of possible causes you are ruling in or ruling out.
What should you be able to explain about hypertension
by the end of this section? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations.
What should you be able to describe related to
hypertension diagnostics? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Diagnostic
tests and lab values related to hypertension.
What nursing concepts should you apply for
hypertension? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Plan care and evaluate
outcomes for a patient with hypertension.
What does JNC 8 stand for? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Joint
National Committee 8 (hypertension treatment guideline
set).
,What is primary hypertension? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Hypertension with no single identifiable cause; it is the
most common type.
What is secondary hypertension? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
Hypertension caused by another medical condition.
What does RAAS stand for? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system.
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
and how does it raise blood pressure? - ✔✔ANSWER
✔✔-A hormone system that raises blood pressure by
tightening blood vessels and holding onto sodium and
water.
What mechanisms can cause hypertension to develop? -
✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Increased systemic vascular resistance
and/or increased cardiac output.
, What does CO stand for? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Cardiac
output.
What is vascular remodeling in hypertension? -
✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Structural changes in blood vessel walls
over time that worsen blood flow and raise resistance.
What is endothelial dysfunction? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-The
inner lining of blood vessels does not function properly.
What organs can be damaged long-term by
hypertension? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Heart, kidneys, brain,
and eyes.
What does BP stand for? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Blood
pressure.
What is normal blood pressure? - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Less
than 120 / less than 80 millimeters of mercury.
