NURl 265/l NUR265l Examl 1l –l Advancedl
Conceptsl ofl Medical-Surgicall Nursingl
Guide|l Galenl (Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l
100%l Verifiedl Questionsl &l Answersl |l
Gradel A
Q:l Pancreaticl enzymesl tol breakl downl food
Answer:
Makesl lipasel tol digestl fats,l andl amylasel tol digestl carbohydrates.
Makesl chymotrypsinl andl trypsinl tol digestl proteins
Q:l Cullensl sign
Answer:
bruisingl inl thel skinl aroundl thel umbilicusl duel tol hemorrhage
Q:l Greyl Turnersl sign
Answer:
bruisingl inl flankl areal (lowerl backl area),l retroperitoneall bleeding
Q:l Painl inl Quadrants
Answer:
,Q:l Chronicl Pancreatitis
Answer:
Progressivel fibrosisl andl degenrationl ofl pancreas.l Irreversible.l Usuallyl duel tol alcoholisml
butl alsol canl bel hereditaryl orl proteinl malnutrition.
Q:l Chronicl Pancreatitisl canl resultl in
Answer:
Scarringl andl calcificationl ofl pancreaticl tissue.l Getsl replacedl withl fibrousl tissuel thatl
doesn'tl dol anythingl tol help.
Q:l Chronicl Pancreatitisl manifestations
Answer:
Upperl leftl quadrantl pain,l n/v,l steatorrhea,l weightl loss,l jaundice.
Q:l ALT,l AST
Answer:
alaninel transaminase,l aspartatel transaminasel -l enzymesl measuredl tol evaluatel liverl
function
Values:
,Q:l Cirrhosis
Answer:
Fibroticl bandsl ofl connectivel tissuel thatl changesl thel liversl normall makeup.l Destructionl
ofl hepatocytesl (liverl cells)
Q:l Liverl functions
Answer:
Synthesisl ofl bilel andl clottingl factors,l vitaminl storage,l detoxificationl ofl drugsl andl toxicl
substances,l cleansl blood,l convertsl glucosel tol glycogenl andl storesl it,l formsl ureal tol
removel ammonia.
Q:l Factorsl thatl affectl liver
Answer:
Alcohol,l hepatitis,l biliaryl obstructionl (gallstones)
Q:l Symptomsl ofl Cirrhosis
Answer:
Jaundice,l darkl urinel (highl bilirubin),l retrol hepaticusl (mustyl orl sweetl breathl odorl duel tol
highl levelsl ofl dimethyll sulphide),l LOCl (duel tol ammonia)
Q:l Treatl highl ammonial with
Answer:
Lactulose
Q:l Cirrhosisl complications
, Answer:
esophageall varicesl (duel tol pressurel buildingl inl portall veinl inl liverl andl priorl tol liver)
Monitorl forl brightl redl bloodl vomitl orl tarryl stools
Q:l Thrombocytopenia
Answer:
Reductionl inl platelets.l Monitorl forl petechia,l ecchymosis,l bleedingl ofl gums,l frankl bloodl
inl stool,l urinel orl vomitus.l Bleedingl precautions.
Q:l DICl (disseminatedl intravascularl coagulation)
Answer:
Probleml withl clottingl cascade.l Ptl hasl circulatingl clotsl andl atl riskl forl bleeding.
Q:l Hepatorenall syndrome
Answer:
Lifel threatening,l rapidl deteriorationl inl kidneyl function.l Usuallyl fatall unlessl liverl
transplantl performed.l Usuallyl treatedl withl dialysis.
Q:l Spontaneousl bacteriall peritonitis
Answer:
Bacteriall infectionl inl peritoneum.l Stomachl wouldl bel veryl hard.l Anl infectionl ofl asceticl
fluid.
Q:l Asterixis
Answer:
akal Liverl Flap,l al flappingl tremorl ofl thel hands.l Whenl thel clientl extendsl thel armsl &l
handsl inl frontl ofl thel body,l thel handsl rapidlyl flexl &l extend.
Conceptsl ofl Medical-Surgicall Nursingl
Guide|l Galenl (Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l
100%l Verifiedl Questionsl &l Answersl |l
Gradel A
Q:l Pancreaticl enzymesl tol breakl downl food
Answer:
Makesl lipasel tol digestl fats,l andl amylasel tol digestl carbohydrates.
Makesl chymotrypsinl andl trypsinl tol digestl proteins
Q:l Cullensl sign
Answer:
bruisingl inl thel skinl aroundl thel umbilicusl duel tol hemorrhage
Q:l Greyl Turnersl sign
Answer:
bruisingl inl flankl areal (lowerl backl area),l retroperitoneall bleeding
Q:l Painl inl Quadrants
Answer:
,Q:l Chronicl Pancreatitis
Answer:
Progressivel fibrosisl andl degenrationl ofl pancreas.l Irreversible.l Usuallyl duel tol alcoholisml
butl alsol canl bel hereditaryl orl proteinl malnutrition.
Q:l Chronicl Pancreatitisl canl resultl in
Answer:
Scarringl andl calcificationl ofl pancreaticl tissue.l Getsl replacedl withl fibrousl tissuel thatl
doesn'tl dol anythingl tol help.
Q:l Chronicl Pancreatitisl manifestations
Answer:
Upperl leftl quadrantl pain,l n/v,l steatorrhea,l weightl loss,l jaundice.
Q:l ALT,l AST
Answer:
alaninel transaminase,l aspartatel transaminasel -l enzymesl measuredl tol evaluatel liverl
function
Values:
,Q:l Cirrhosis
Answer:
Fibroticl bandsl ofl connectivel tissuel thatl changesl thel liversl normall makeup.l Destructionl
ofl hepatocytesl (liverl cells)
Q:l Liverl functions
Answer:
Synthesisl ofl bilel andl clottingl factors,l vitaminl storage,l detoxificationl ofl drugsl andl toxicl
substances,l cleansl blood,l convertsl glucosel tol glycogenl andl storesl it,l formsl ureal tol
removel ammonia.
Q:l Factorsl thatl affectl liver
Answer:
Alcohol,l hepatitis,l biliaryl obstructionl (gallstones)
Q:l Symptomsl ofl Cirrhosis
Answer:
Jaundice,l darkl urinel (highl bilirubin),l retrol hepaticusl (mustyl orl sweetl breathl odorl duel tol
highl levelsl ofl dimethyll sulphide),l LOCl (duel tol ammonia)
Q:l Treatl highl ammonial with
Answer:
Lactulose
Q:l Cirrhosisl complications
, Answer:
esophageall varicesl (duel tol pressurel buildingl inl portall veinl inl liverl andl priorl tol liver)
Monitorl forl brightl redl bloodl vomitl orl tarryl stools
Q:l Thrombocytopenia
Answer:
Reductionl inl platelets.l Monitorl forl petechia,l ecchymosis,l bleedingl ofl gums,l frankl bloodl
inl stool,l urinel orl vomitus.l Bleedingl precautions.
Q:l DICl (disseminatedl intravascularl coagulation)
Answer:
Probleml withl clottingl cascade.l Ptl hasl circulatingl clotsl andl atl riskl forl bleeding.
Q:l Hepatorenall syndrome
Answer:
Lifel threatening,l rapidl deteriorationl inl kidneyl function.l Usuallyl fatall unlessl liverl
transplantl performed.l Usuallyl treatedl withl dialysis.
Q:l Spontaneousl bacteriall peritonitis
Answer:
Bacteriall infectionl inl peritoneum.l Stomachl wouldl bel veryl hard.l Anl infectionl ofl asceticl
fluid.
Q:l Asterixis
Answer:
akal Liverl Flap,l al flappingl tremorl ofl thel hands.l Whenl thel clientl extendsl thel armsl &l
handsl inl frontl ofl thel body,l thel handsl rapidlyl flexl &l extend.
