,Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 1: INTRODUCTIE............................................................................................................. 4
1.1 SINGLE CASE RESEARCH...................................................................................................................4
Drie basiscategorieën................................................................................................................. 5
Soorten effecten......................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 MEETMETHODEN.............................................................................................................................5
1.4 INTERNE VALIDITEIT..........................................................................................................................6
Bedreigingen.............................................................................................................................. 6
1.5 CONSTRUCTVALIDITEIT......................................................................................................................7
1.6 EXTERNE VALIDITEIT..........................................................................................................................7
Selecte steekproef...................................................................................................................... 7
Aselecte steekproef.................................................................................................................... 8
Domeinen van generaliseren....................................................................................................... 8
HOOFDSTUK 2: BESLISSINGEN............................................................................................................ 8
2.1 DE BIJDRAGE VAN EEN TEST IN EEN BESLISSINGSPROJECT..........................................................................8
2.2 TAXONOMIE VAN BESLISSINGEN...........................................................................................................9
Univariaat vs multivariaat............................................................................................................ 9
Individuele vs institutionele beslissingen......................................................................................9
2.3 OPTIES TOT BESLISSINGEN...............................................................................................................10
Enkelvoudige selectie............................................................................................................... 10
2.4 BEOORDELING KWALITEIT VAN EEN SELECTIE TEST..................................................................................10
A – False negatives.................................................................................................................... 11
B – True positives...................................................................................................................... 11
C – True negatives..................................................................................................................... 11
D – False positives.................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 BELANGRIJKE FORMULES.................................................................................................................11
Succesratio.............................................................................................................................. 11
2.6 NETTO-UTILITEIT VAN EEN TEST..........................................................................................................12
2.7 METHODE VAN BESLISSEN................................................................................................................13
Statistische methode................................................................................................................ 13
Intuïtieve methode.................................................................................................................... 13
Multiple cut-off procedure......................................................................................................... 13
Compositorisch model............................................................................................................. 13
Sequentiële selectie (trapsgewijze selectie)...............................................................................13
2.8 RENDEMENT.................................................................................................................................13
2.9 DIFFERENTIËLE VOORSPELLING.........................................................................................................14
Differentiële validiteit................................................................................................................ 14
Individuele beslissingen............................................................................................................ 15
2.10 OPEN VRAGEN EN BREDE BANDTESTS................................................................................................15
Open vragen............................................................................................................................. 15
Brede test (brede-bandtechniek)............................................................................................... 15
HOOFDSTUK 3: SELECTIE.................................................................................................................. 16
3.1 ENKELVOUDIG SELECTIEMODEL.........................................................................................................16
Validiteitscoëfficiënt................................................................................................................. 16
3.2 NETTO-UTILITEIT............................................................................................................................18
3.3 SELECTIE MET TWEE TESTS...............................................................................................................19
Conjuctief................................................................................................................................ 19
Compensatorisch..................................................................................................................... 19
Combinatie.............................................................................................................................. 19
Trapsgewijze toetsing................................................................................................................ 20
Plaatsing.................................................................................................................................. 20
3.4 GESTANDAARDISEERDE TESTS...........................................................................................................21
Normen................................................................................................................................... 21
2
, Klassieke testtheorie................................................................................................................ 22
Betrouwbaarheid...................................................................................................................... 22
HOOFDSTUK 4: MEETINSTRUMENTEN................................................................................................ 26
4.1 BETROUWBAARHEID.......................................................................................................................26
4.2 TARGET MEASURES IN SINGE-CASE ONDERZOEK....................................................................................26
Singe-case studies................................................................................................................... 26
Idiografisch meten.................................................................................................................... 26
4.3 SOORTEN VALIDITEIT.......................................................................................................................26
4.4 SOORTEN MEETINSTRUMENTEN.........................................................................................................27
Klinische meetinstrumenten...................................................................................................... 27
Idiografische meetinstrumenten................................................................................................ 27
Directe observatie.................................................................................................................... 27
4.5 INTERBEOORDELAARSBETROUWBAARHEID...........................................................................................28
Agreement coefficients............................................................................................................. 28
Cohen’s Kappa......................................................................................................................... 29
Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC)....................................................................................30
4.6 ZELFRAPPORTAGES........................................................................................................................ 31
Shapiro’s Personal Questionnaire (PQ)......................................................................................31
Phillips’ PQ............................................................................................................................... 32
HOOFDSTUK 5: SINGLE-CASE DESIGNS............................................................................................. 32
5.1 STAPPEN IN DIRECTE OBSERVATIE......................................................................................................32
5.2 ONTWERPEN VAN SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTEN....................................................................................33
Interrupted time series (AB)....................................................................................................... 33
Reversal (ABAB)........................................................................................................................ 33
Multiple baseline designs (MBD)................................................................................................ 33
Changing criterion design (CCD)................................................................................................ 34
Alternating treatment designs (ATD)........................................................................................... 34
Andere ontwerpen.................................................................................................................... 34
5.3 BASELINE.....................................................................................................................................34
Baselines in onderzoek............................................................................................................. 34
Baseline in klinische praktijk...................................................................................................... 35
Behandelingsfactoren in een single-case design.........................................................................35
HOOFDSTUK 6: VISUELE ANALYSE..................................................................................................... 36
6.1 BELANGRIJKSTE PARAMETERS VOOR GEGEVENSANALYSE..........................................................................36
6.2 BROADENED MEDIAM (BMED)..........................................................................................................37
Oneven waarden...................................................................................................................... 37
Even waarden........................................................................................................................... 37
6.3 SPLIT-MIDDLE METHOD...................................................................................................................38
6.4 TURKEY’S DRIE GROEPEN METHODE....................................................................................................40
ijspegel plot/ residuplot............................................................................................................. 42
6.5 RUNNING MEDIANS (RM)................................................................................................................42
Problemen van RM.................................................................................................................... 43
6.6 VARIABILITEIT ONDERZOEKEN............................................................................................................43
6.7 CONSERVATIVE DUAL CRITERION (CDC)............................................................................................45
HOOFDSTUK 7: AUTOCORRELATIE EN REPLICATIE.............................................................................45
7.1 EERSTE ORDE AUTOCORRELATIE........................................................................................................46
7.2 EFFECTIEVE STEEKPROEFGROOTTE (NEFF)...........................................................................................46
7.3 REPLICATIE...................................................................................................................................47
Richtlijnen voor sterk bewijs...................................................................................................... 47
HOOFDSTUK 8: EVALUATIE VAN SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH..................................................................48
8.1 KENMERKEN.................................................................................................................................48
Bias......................................................................................................................................... 48
3
, Inadequate meetinstrumenten.................................................................................................. 48
8.2 KWALITEIT BEOORDELING.................................................................................................................48
WWC-standaarden (What Works Clearinghouse)........................................................................48
RoBiNT schaal (Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials)................................................................................49
Interne validiteit........................................................................................................................ 49
Externe validiteit en interpretatie............................................................................................... 49
Minimumeisen voor een goed single-case experiment (Morley)....................................................50
Elliott’s Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficiancy Design (HSCED).....................................................50
Hoofdstuk 1: Introductie
1.1 Single Case Research
Case studies = gevalstudie; gedetailleerd onderzoek van één specifiek geval of
een klein aantal gevallen.
o Context is belangrijk; hoe verhoudt het geval zich tot de context?
4
HOOFDSTUK 1: INTRODUCTIE............................................................................................................. 4
1.1 SINGLE CASE RESEARCH...................................................................................................................4
Drie basiscategorieën................................................................................................................. 5
Soorten effecten......................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 MEETMETHODEN.............................................................................................................................5
1.4 INTERNE VALIDITEIT..........................................................................................................................6
Bedreigingen.............................................................................................................................. 6
1.5 CONSTRUCTVALIDITEIT......................................................................................................................7
1.6 EXTERNE VALIDITEIT..........................................................................................................................7
Selecte steekproef...................................................................................................................... 7
Aselecte steekproef.................................................................................................................... 8
Domeinen van generaliseren....................................................................................................... 8
HOOFDSTUK 2: BESLISSINGEN............................................................................................................ 8
2.1 DE BIJDRAGE VAN EEN TEST IN EEN BESLISSINGSPROJECT..........................................................................8
2.2 TAXONOMIE VAN BESLISSINGEN...........................................................................................................9
Univariaat vs multivariaat............................................................................................................ 9
Individuele vs institutionele beslissingen......................................................................................9
2.3 OPTIES TOT BESLISSINGEN...............................................................................................................10
Enkelvoudige selectie............................................................................................................... 10
2.4 BEOORDELING KWALITEIT VAN EEN SELECTIE TEST..................................................................................10
A – False negatives.................................................................................................................... 11
B – True positives...................................................................................................................... 11
C – True negatives..................................................................................................................... 11
D – False positives.................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 BELANGRIJKE FORMULES.................................................................................................................11
Succesratio.............................................................................................................................. 11
2.6 NETTO-UTILITEIT VAN EEN TEST..........................................................................................................12
2.7 METHODE VAN BESLISSEN................................................................................................................13
Statistische methode................................................................................................................ 13
Intuïtieve methode.................................................................................................................... 13
Multiple cut-off procedure......................................................................................................... 13
Compositorisch model............................................................................................................. 13
Sequentiële selectie (trapsgewijze selectie)...............................................................................13
2.8 RENDEMENT.................................................................................................................................13
2.9 DIFFERENTIËLE VOORSPELLING.........................................................................................................14
Differentiële validiteit................................................................................................................ 14
Individuele beslissingen............................................................................................................ 15
2.10 OPEN VRAGEN EN BREDE BANDTESTS................................................................................................15
Open vragen............................................................................................................................. 15
Brede test (brede-bandtechniek)............................................................................................... 15
HOOFDSTUK 3: SELECTIE.................................................................................................................. 16
3.1 ENKELVOUDIG SELECTIEMODEL.........................................................................................................16
Validiteitscoëfficiënt................................................................................................................. 16
3.2 NETTO-UTILITEIT............................................................................................................................18
3.3 SELECTIE MET TWEE TESTS...............................................................................................................19
Conjuctief................................................................................................................................ 19
Compensatorisch..................................................................................................................... 19
Combinatie.............................................................................................................................. 19
Trapsgewijze toetsing................................................................................................................ 20
Plaatsing.................................................................................................................................. 20
3.4 GESTANDAARDISEERDE TESTS...........................................................................................................21
Normen................................................................................................................................... 21
2
, Klassieke testtheorie................................................................................................................ 22
Betrouwbaarheid...................................................................................................................... 22
HOOFDSTUK 4: MEETINSTRUMENTEN................................................................................................ 26
4.1 BETROUWBAARHEID.......................................................................................................................26
4.2 TARGET MEASURES IN SINGE-CASE ONDERZOEK....................................................................................26
Singe-case studies................................................................................................................... 26
Idiografisch meten.................................................................................................................... 26
4.3 SOORTEN VALIDITEIT.......................................................................................................................26
4.4 SOORTEN MEETINSTRUMENTEN.........................................................................................................27
Klinische meetinstrumenten...................................................................................................... 27
Idiografische meetinstrumenten................................................................................................ 27
Directe observatie.................................................................................................................... 27
4.5 INTERBEOORDELAARSBETROUWBAARHEID...........................................................................................28
Agreement coefficients............................................................................................................. 28
Cohen’s Kappa......................................................................................................................... 29
Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC)....................................................................................30
4.6 ZELFRAPPORTAGES........................................................................................................................ 31
Shapiro’s Personal Questionnaire (PQ)......................................................................................31
Phillips’ PQ............................................................................................................................... 32
HOOFDSTUK 5: SINGLE-CASE DESIGNS............................................................................................. 32
5.1 STAPPEN IN DIRECTE OBSERVATIE......................................................................................................32
5.2 ONTWERPEN VAN SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTEN....................................................................................33
Interrupted time series (AB)....................................................................................................... 33
Reversal (ABAB)........................................................................................................................ 33
Multiple baseline designs (MBD)................................................................................................ 33
Changing criterion design (CCD)................................................................................................ 34
Alternating treatment designs (ATD)........................................................................................... 34
Andere ontwerpen.................................................................................................................... 34
5.3 BASELINE.....................................................................................................................................34
Baselines in onderzoek............................................................................................................. 34
Baseline in klinische praktijk...................................................................................................... 35
Behandelingsfactoren in een single-case design.........................................................................35
HOOFDSTUK 6: VISUELE ANALYSE..................................................................................................... 36
6.1 BELANGRIJKSTE PARAMETERS VOOR GEGEVENSANALYSE..........................................................................36
6.2 BROADENED MEDIAM (BMED)..........................................................................................................37
Oneven waarden...................................................................................................................... 37
Even waarden........................................................................................................................... 37
6.3 SPLIT-MIDDLE METHOD...................................................................................................................38
6.4 TURKEY’S DRIE GROEPEN METHODE....................................................................................................40
ijspegel plot/ residuplot............................................................................................................. 42
6.5 RUNNING MEDIANS (RM)................................................................................................................42
Problemen van RM.................................................................................................................... 43
6.6 VARIABILITEIT ONDERZOEKEN............................................................................................................43
6.7 CONSERVATIVE DUAL CRITERION (CDC)............................................................................................45
HOOFDSTUK 7: AUTOCORRELATIE EN REPLICATIE.............................................................................45
7.1 EERSTE ORDE AUTOCORRELATIE........................................................................................................46
7.2 EFFECTIEVE STEEKPROEFGROOTTE (NEFF)...........................................................................................46
7.3 REPLICATIE...................................................................................................................................47
Richtlijnen voor sterk bewijs...................................................................................................... 47
HOOFDSTUK 8: EVALUATIE VAN SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH..................................................................48
8.1 KENMERKEN.................................................................................................................................48
Bias......................................................................................................................................... 48
3
, Inadequate meetinstrumenten.................................................................................................. 48
8.2 KWALITEIT BEOORDELING.................................................................................................................48
WWC-standaarden (What Works Clearinghouse)........................................................................48
RoBiNT schaal (Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials)................................................................................49
Interne validiteit........................................................................................................................ 49
Externe validiteit en interpretatie............................................................................................... 49
Minimumeisen voor een goed single-case experiment (Morley)....................................................50
Elliott’s Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficiancy Design (HSCED).....................................................50
Hoofdstuk 1: Introductie
1.1 Single Case Research
Case studies = gevalstudie; gedetailleerd onderzoek van één specifiek geval of
een klein aantal gevallen.
o Context is belangrijk; hoe verhoudt het geval zich tot de context?
4
