Biology 189 Final – Arizona College of Nursing – Comprehensive Biology Exam Study Guide and Practice Material

Biology 189 | Arizona College of Nursing | Final exam | Cell biology | Genetics | Microbiology | Human physiology | Nursing biology | Study guide | Exam prep | Cellular processes | Pathophysiology basics | Biology concepts | Healthcare science | Practice questionsBiology 189 final arizona college of nursing 1. Where does glycolysis take place? cytoplasm 2. Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) Glucose 3. Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) 2 ATP. pyruvate 4. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? mitochondrial matrix 5. Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) acetyl coenzyme A 6. Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2 7. Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria 8. Electron transport chain What goes in? Hydrogen 9. Electron transport chain What comes out? ATP 10. NADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen. 1 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? 11. What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? ATP 12. What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? Complex 4, cytochrome C oxidase 13. What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? Oxygen 14. From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? 34-36 ATP 15. What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? Lactate and alcohol,CO2 16. What are the basic steps of replication? DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced 2 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at 17. Helicase An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. 18. primer A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand 19. Polymerase an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. 20. Ligase An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment 21. What are base pairs? Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine 22. What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? Cytosine 23. What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? Guanine 24. If guanine makes of 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix: What percent of the bases are cytosine? Adenine? Thymine? 25% 25. Group the following into levels of organizations -DNA -Sister chromatids -Chromosomes 26. hydrogen bonds 3 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at What type of bond links the nitrogenous bases together from opposing strands? 27. Which component determines differences in differing nucleotides? (hint: the nucleotide's phosphate group, sugar, or nitrogenous base...) phosphate groups 28. What primarily produces diversity among individuals and species? (hint: individual nucleotides, sequence of nucleotides, or organization of the DNA backbone...) sequence of nucleotides 29. What are histones? any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin. 30. What are mutations? permanent changes in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. 31. What are nucleotide dimers and which type(s) of mutagen(s) usually causes them? Dimers cause mutations because polymerases tend to copy kinked DNA incorrectly. Dimers can also block the progress of a polymerase, so DNA replication stalls or collapses.UV rays in sunlight cause them 32. What is the Semiconservative Model of DNA replication? Semiconservative replication produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand. 4 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at 33. What is a gene? Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis 34. Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis DNA ligase 1 connects the Okazaki fragments 35. Is DNA usually double-stranded or single-stranded? double-stranded 36. During transcription, what is the template and what is the product? DNA. The product is mRNA 37. During transcription from DNA to RNA, you have the following DNA template. 3' GTACGCTCA 5' 38. What will be the resulting RNA strand? 5' CATGCGAGT 3' 39. mRNA messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome 40. tRNA (transfer RNA) The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein) 41. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) directs the translation of mRNA into proteins 42. What is the role of RNA polymerase? -binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands -then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA 5 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at 43. Is RNA usually double stranded or single stranded? single stranded 44. During transcription, which RNA nucleotide pairs with DNA's adenine? Uracil 45. What is gene expression? the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation 46. Where does translation take place? Which organelle? cytoplasm in ribosomes 47. What is a codon? a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. 48. What is an exon? An expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein 49. What is an intron? sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein (noncoding) 50. deletion mutation a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene 51. substitution mutation Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product. 52. Insertion A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. 53. Exons 6 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at Are mutations in exons or introns more likely to result in an altered protein? 54. Are mutations permanent or temporary changes in the DNA sequence? Permanent changes in the DNA 55. Hershey and Chase concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. 56. Rosalind Franklin Used X-ray diffraction to discover the double-helical structure of DNA. 57. Watson and Crick Developed the double helix model of DNA. 58. Avery genes are composed of DNA , DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells 59. Erwin Chargaff the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are equal. 60. What are HeLa cells? Where did they come from? What kind of cells are they? Why are they used? HeLa cells were the first human cells that researchers could grow and multiply endlessly in the lab. They are cancer cells from cervical cancer. 61. What are the cell cycle stages? Interphase G1, G0, S, G2,Mitosis, cytoplasmic division 62. Which stages are specifically part of mitosis? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. 7 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at 63. What cells undergo mitosis? somatic cells 64. What cells undergo meiosis? gametes 65. What are they major steps of mitosis? Prophase:, the nuclear envelope break down, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle) Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, 66. What are they major steps of meiosis? prophase1:chromosomes pack tightly, attach to spindle poles Metaphase1: chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase1: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase1: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, ( repeat with starting with prophase 2) 67. In which stage do cells typically spend most of their life? Interphase 68. What is crossing over? the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. 69. Does crossing over occur in mitosis? No, only in meiosis 70. What is a karyotype? an individual's complete set of chromosomes 71. What chromosome pairs is assigned female? XX 8 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at 72. What chromosome pairs is assigned male? XY 73. What is the total chromosome number in humans? 46 74. What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells? The number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus 75. Does mitosis result in diploid or haploid cells? Diploid 76. Does meiosis result in diploid or haploid cells? haploid 77. Is the number of chromosomes in diploid cells half, double, or quadruple that of haploid cells? Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid - a haploid cell contains only one complete set of chromosomes. 78. What is an autosome? Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome 79. What is a sex chromosome? a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. 80. What is nondisjunction? Failure for chromosomes to separate properly. 81. When does nondisjunction occur? when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis 82. In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? S phase 9 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at 83. What is down syndrome caused by? what is the result? Trisomy 21,distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays 84. What is Marfan's syndrome? genetic condition that affects the body's connective tissue. 85. Why are males more likely to exhibit X-linked disorders such as Fragile X syndrome? Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome 86. What is the equator of the cell? the central plane of the spindle in a dividing cell 87. When does crossing over occur during cell division? between prophase I and metaphase I 88. When do sister chromatids separate during mitosis? Meiosis? Anaphase, anaphase 1 89. How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis? Meiosis? Are they haploid or diploid? 2 daughter cells mitosis , 4 daughter cells meiosis - haploid 90. What part of the DNA might be the only physiological barrier to immortality? Telomeres 10 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at 91. What is an oncogene? a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell. 92. What is a tumor suppressor gene? a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer (put the brakes on the cell cycle.) 93. What is a tumor? a mass of abnormal cells 94. What is cancer? the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. 95. What does benign mean? non-cancerous 96. What does malignant mean? cancerous 97. What does homozygous mean? chromosomes with the same allele of a gene. 98. What does heterozygous mean? two different alleles 99. What is a genotype? genetic makeup of an organism (set of alleles that occur in an individual's chromosomes.) 100. What is a phenotype? physical characteristics of an organism 101. What is a dominant trait? allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele 102. What is a recessive trait? allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele 103. In pedigree charts, what do the following represent? Affected male Affected female Male 11 / 12 Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Study online at Shaded square Shaded circle Clear square clear circle Shape that is half shaded and half clear Female Carrier of trait 104. What is a monohybrid cross? A cross between individuals heterozygous for a single character (for example Aa X Aa.) 105. What is codominance? How does blood typing work? an inheritance pattern in which the full and separate phenotypic effects of two alleles are apparent in heterozygous typing is The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. 106. How do X-linked disorders work? caused by variants in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell. 107. What is a polygenic trait? when multiple genes affect one trait 108. What is a polyploidy trait? having three or more complete sets of chromosomes 12 / 12