EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE (recomended 2021)

ALWAYS know what the 3 claims, 4 validities concept means. . Claims: -Frequency claim: a claim that describes a particular rate or level of a single variable; how often something happens -Association claim: a claim about two variables, in which the level of one variable is said to vary systematically with the level of another variable, such as when one variable tends to change, too; suggests two variables are related, but do not cause each other -Causal claim: a claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the level of another variable; suggests that one variable brings about another reaction in another Validities: -Construct validity: How well the variables in a study are measured or manipulated; the extent to which the operational variables used in a study are a good approximation of the conceptual variables -External validity: The extent to which the results of a study generalize to some larger population (e.g. whether the results from this sample of children apply to all US schoolchildren), as well as to other times or situations (e.g. whether the results based on this type of music apply to other types of music) -Statistical validity: Addresses the strength of an effect and its statistical significance (the probability that the results could have been obtained by chance if there really is no effect). Also addresses the extent to which a study minimizes the probabilities of two errors: concluding that there is an effect when in fact there is one (a “miss,” or Type II error). -Internal validity: In a relationship between one variable (A) and another (B), the extent to which A, rather than some other variable ( C ), is responsible for the effect on B.