2026 Med-Surg 2 Cardiovascular
Nursing: Key Concepts & Case
Studies With Correctly Answered
Questions Review
What is the normal blood flow sequence through the heart? - Answer--Body →
superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle →
pulmonic valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium →
mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body.
What are the layers of the heart? - Answer--Endocardium (inner lining), Myocardium
(muscle layer), Epicardium (outer layer), Pericardium (sac around the heart).
What are the two types of heart valves? - Answer--AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)
and Semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic).
What is the role of coronary arteries? - Answer--They supply blood to the
myocardium.
What is the formula for cardiac output? - Answer--CO = HR × SV (Cardiac Output =
Heart Rate × Stroke Volume).
What factors affect stroke volume? - Answer--Preload (volume in ventricles at
end-diastole), Afterload (resistance ventricle must pump against), Contractility (force
of contraction).
What does S1 heart sound indicate? - Answer--Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
(often referred to as 'lub').
What does S2 heart sound indicate? - Answer--Closure of aortic and pulmonic
valves (often referred to as 'dub').
What is the significance of an S3 heart sound? - Answer--It may suggest heart failure
or volume overload in adults.
, What does an S4 heart sound indicate? - Answer--It is often associated with a stiff
ventricle, hypertension, or ventricular hypertrophy.
What does the P wave represent in an ECG? - Answer--Atrial depolarization.
What is the normal heart rate range? - Answer--60-100 beats per minute.
What does ST elevation indicate on an ECG? - Answer--Myocardial injury or
infarction (STEMI).
What are common causes of hypokalemia? - Answer--Loop/thiazide diuretics,
vomiting, diarrhea, NG suction, inadequate intake, alkalosis.
What are signs of hyperkalemia? - Answer--Weakness, paresthesias, diarrhea,
bradycardia, serious dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest.
What is the normal range for potassium (K+)? - Answer--Usually 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
What are signs of hypocalcemia? - Answer--Numbness/tingling, tetany, muscle
cramps, positive Chvostek/Trousseau signs, seizures, hypotension.
What is the normal range for calcium (Ca2+)? - Answer--Usually 8.6-10.2 mg/dL
total.
What are signs of hypermagnesemia? - Answer--Lethargy, decreased reflexes,
hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression.
What is the normal range for magnesium (Mg2+)? - Answer--Usually 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
or 1.7-2.2 mg/dL depending on the lab.
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? - Answer--Confusion, headache, seizures,
nausea.
What are the symptoms of hypernatremia? - Answer--Thirst, restlessness, irritability,
confusion.
What does a 12-lead ECG assess? - Answer--Electrical activity, ischemia, infarction,
and conduction abnormalities.
What is the purpose of continuous telemetry? - Answer--To monitor dysrhythmias.
How long does a Holter monitor record heart rhythms? - Answer--24-48 hours.
Nursing: Key Concepts & Case
Studies With Correctly Answered
Questions Review
What is the normal blood flow sequence through the heart? - Answer--Body →
superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle →
pulmonic valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium →
mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body.
What are the layers of the heart? - Answer--Endocardium (inner lining), Myocardium
(muscle layer), Epicardium (outer layer), Pericardium (sac around the heart).
What are the two types of heart valves? - Answer--AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)
and Semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic).
What is the role of coronary arteries? - Answer--They supply blood to the
myocardium.
What is the formula for cardiac output? - Answer--CO = HR × SV (Cardiac Output =
Heart Rate × Stroke Volume).
What factors affect stroke volume? - Answer--Preload (volume in ventricles at
end-diastole), Afterload (resistance ventricle must pump against), Contractility (force
of contraction).
What does S1 heart sound indicate? - Answer--Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
(often referred to as 'lub').
What does S2 heart sound indicate? - Answer--Closure of aortic and pulmonic
valves (often referred to as 'dub').
What is the significance of an S3 heart sound? - Answer--It may suggest heart failure
or volume overload in adults.
, What does an S4 heart sound indicate? - Answer--It is often associated with a stiff
ventricle, hypertension, or ventricular hypertrophy.
What does the P wave represent in an ECG? - Answer--Atrial depolarization.
What is the normal heart rate range? - Answer--60-100 beats per minute.
What does ST elevation indicate on an ECG? - Answer--Myocardial injury or
infarction (STEMI).
What are common causes of hypokalemia? - Answer--Loop/thiazide diuretics,
vomiting, diarrhea, NG suction, inadequate intake, alkalosis.
What are signs of hyperkalemia? - Answer--Weakness, paresthesias, diarrhea,
bradycardia, serious dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest.
What is the normal range for potassium (K+)? - Answer--Usually 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
What are signs of hypocalcemia? - Answer--Numbness/tingling, tetany, muscle
cramps, positive Chvostek/Trousseau signs, seizures, hypotension.
What is the normal range for calcium (Ca2+)? - Answer--Usually 8.6-10.2 mg/dL
total.
What are signs of hypermagnesemia? - Answer--Lethargy, decreased reflexes,
hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression.
What is the normal range for magnesium (Mg2+)? - Answer--Usually 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
or 1.7-2.2 mg/dL depending on the lab.
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia? - Answer--Confusion, headache, seizures,
nausea.
What are the symptoms of hypernatremia? - Answer--Thirst, restlessness, irritability,
confusion.
What does a 12-lead ECG assess? - Answer--Electrical activity, ischemia, infarction,
and conduction abnormalities.
What is the purpose of continuous telemetry? - Answer--To monitor dysrhythmias.
How long does a Holter monitor record heart rhythms? - Answer--24-48 hours.
