Psychology Exam 3 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Consciousness subjective awareness of self and environment
Levels of Consciousness 1. Normal Waking
2. Altered State (meditating, sleep, daydreaming)
Cognitive Neuroscience the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including
perception, thinking, memory, and language)
23 year old woman study -had accident resulting in no outward signs of consciousness
-When asked to imagine playing tennis, fMRI showed brain activity in areas that
control arms and legs
Even in a motionless body, the brain is still _____ _. active
Cocktail Party Effect phenomenon of the brain's ability to focus one's auditory attention on a particular
stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli
Selective Attention -focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
-"flashlight" effect
ex. turning down the music to park lol me
Inattentional Blindness -failure to see objects when attention is directed elsewhere
ex. not seeing the gorilla in that video
change blindness -failure to notice changes in the environment
ex. not noticing line on road goes from dotted to solid
sleep periodic, natural loss of consciousness
biological rhythms -24 hour biological clock
-90 min sleep cycle for younger adults
Circadian Rhythm Internal biological clock of 24-hour cycle of day and night
Body temperature -rises as morning approaches
-peaks during the day
-dips in the early afternoon
-begins to drop in evening
, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) -structure that "contains" 24 hour clock
-lesions to SCN = no circadian rhythm
Babies sleep rhythm -have no SCN
-takes around 3 months to develop
-"sleep trained"
Sleep researchers measure 1. brain-wave activity
2. eye movements
3. muscle tension
Electroencephaiography (EEG) records electrical activity in brain
Electro-oculography (EOG) records eye movements
Electromyography (EMG) records muscle activity
Brain Waves
Sleep Stages NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3 (or SWS), REM = 90 mins
R.E.M -rapid eye movement (paradoxical sleep)
-brain activity = high frequency waves
-muscle activity = unresponsive
How much do we sleep? Young adult: -7 to 8 hours of sleep
-stage 2 = 50%
-REM = 20%
-cycles last 90-110 mins x 4 or 5 times a night
-later cycles have more REM sleep and less Stage3 sleep
True or False: Humans only dream during REM sleep false
dreams occur in other stages, but REM dreams are most VIVID
Mammals sleep more during what stage of life? Infancy
Infant Sleep -shorter sleep cycles
-more REM sleep (about 50%)
-essential stimulation for developing neural networks
Older Adults Sleep -total time asleep declines
-awakenings increase
-50% Stage3 decline
-By age 90, Stage3 is completely gone
-shorter REM duration
Consciousness subjective awareness of self and environment
Levels of Consciousness 1. Normal Waking
2. Altered State (meditating, sleep, daydreaming)
Cognitive Neuroscience the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including
perception, thinking, memory, and language)
23 year old woman study -had accident resulting in no outward signs of consciousness
-When asked to imagine playing tennis, fMRI showed brain activity in areas that
control arms and legs
Even in a motionless body, the brain is still _____ _. active
Cocktail Party Effect phenomenon of the brain's ability to focus one's auditory attention on a particular
stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli
Selective Attention -focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
-"flashlight" effect
ex. turning down the music to park lol me
Inattentional Blindness -failure to see objects when attention is directed elsewhere
ex. not seeing the gorilla in that video
change blindness -failure to notice changes in the environment
ex. not noticing line on road goes from dotted to solid
sleep periodic, natural loss of consciousness
biological rhythms -24 hour biological clock
-90 min sleep cycle for younger adults
Circadian Rhythm Internal biological clock of 24-hour cycle of day and night
Body temperature -rises as morning approaches
-peaks during the day
-dips in the early afternoon
-begins to drop in evening
, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) -structure that "contains" 24 hour clock
-lesions to SCN = no circadian rhythm
Babies sleep rhythm -have no SCN
-takes around 3 months to develop
-"sleep trained"
Sleep researchers measure 1. brain-wave activity
2. eye movements
3. muscle tension
Electroencephaiography (EEG) records electrical activity in brain
Electro-oculography (EOG) records eye movements
Electromyography (EMG) records muscle activity
Brain Waves
Sleep Stages NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3 (or SWS), REM = 90 mins
R.E.M -rapid eye movement (paradoxical sleep)
-brain activity = high frequency waves
-muscle activity = unresponsive
How much do we sleep? Young adult: -7 to 8 hours of sleep
-stage 2 = 50%
-REM = 20%
-cycles last 90-110 mins x 4 or 5 times a night
-later cycles have more REM sleep and less Stage3 sleep
True or False: Humans only dream during REM sleep false
dreams occur in other stages, but REM dreams are most VIVID
Mammals sleep more during what stage of life? Infancy
Infant Sleep -shorter sleep cycles
-more REM sleep (about 50%)
-essential stimulation for developing neural networks
Older Adults Sleep -total time asleep declines
-awakenings increase
-50% Stage3 decline
-By age 90, Stage3 is completely gone
-shorter REM duration
