AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 12 VOCAB
INDUSTRY AND SERVICES 2026 REVISION
NOTES AND STRUCTURED ECONOMIC
GEOGRAPHY OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ Agricultural hearth. Answer: an area where different groups
began to domesticate plants and animals
◉ Bid/rent theory. Answer: a theory that describes the relationships
between land value, commercial location, and transportation
(primarily in urban areas) using a bid-rent gradient, or slope; used
to describe how land costs are determined
◉ Central business district (CBD). Answer: It is the compact, central
location of a city where high-density commercial, office, and retail
activities cluster. Characterized by high land values and skyscrapers,
it serves as the center of transportation and economic activity
◉ Climate region. Answer: an area that has similar climate patterns
generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or
continental interior
◉ Clustered settlement. Answer: a rural settlement pattern in which
residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and
, pasture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated
settlement
◉ Commercial agriculture. Answer: an agricultural practice that
focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for
others to purchase
◉ Columbian Exchange. Answer: the exchange of goods and ideas
between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after
Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 149
◉ Crop rotation. Answer: the varying of crops from year to year to
allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing
productivity of the soil
◉ Dispersed settlement. Answer: a rural settlement pattern in which
houses and buildings are isolated from one another, and all the
homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area
◉ Domestication. Answer: the deliberate effort to grow plants and
raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands
and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics
◉ Enclosure system. Answer: system in which communal lands were
replaced by farms owned by individuals, and use of the land was
INDUSTRY AND SERVICES 2026 REVISION
NOTES AND STRUCTURED ECONOMIC
GEOGRAPHY OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ Agricultural hearth. Answer: an area where different groups
began to domesticate plants and animals
◉ Bid/rent theory. Answer: a theory that describes the relationships
between land value, commercial location, and transportation
(primarily in urban areas) using a bid-rent gradient, or slope; used
to describe how land costs are determined
◉ Central business district (CBD). Answer: It is the compact, central
location of a city where high-density commercial, office, and retail
activities cluster. Characterized by high land values and skyscrapers,
it serves as the center of transportation and economic activity
◉ Climate region. Answer: an area that has similar climate patterns
generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or
continental interior
◉ Clustered settlement. Answer: a rural settlement pattern in which
residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and
, pasture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated
settlement
◉ Commercial agriculture. Answer: an agricultural practice that
focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for
others to purchase
◉ Columbian Exchange. Answer: the exchange of goods and ideas
between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after
Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 149
◉ Crop rotation. Answer: the varying of crops from year to year to
allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing
productivity of the soil
◉ Dispersed settlement. Answer: a rural settlement pattern in which
houses and buildings are isolated from one another, and all the
homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area
◉ Domestication. Answer: the deliberate effort to grow plants and
raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands
and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics
◉ Enclosure system. Answer: system in which communal lands were
replaced by farms owned by individuals, and use of the land was
