2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Beta 1 receptors effect.
Answer: chronotropy, inotropy, dromotropy, renin release and
lypolysis.
◉ Beta-blockers interfere with.
Answer: binding of the receptor to epinephrine and other stress
hormones and weaken the effects of stress hormones.
◉ There are two types of beta-blockers;.
Answer: there are non-selective agents, adn selective agents
◉ Nonselctive agents.
Answer: bined to both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, those include
propranolol and carvedilol, although carvedilol has additional alpha
blocking activity which can cause vasodilation of the peripheral
vasculature, and labetalol as well.
◉ Beta 1 selective agents, also known as cardio selective, they have.
Answer: ionotropic effects as well as reducing with muscle tone
these include atenolol, esmolol, and metoprolol.
, ◉ beta blocker treatments:.
Answer: : tx of cardiac D/Os, HF, anxiety, migraine, tachy r/y
hyperthyroidism. Work by latching on the BB rec. site and prevent
those sites from the catecholamines being able to latch onto those
sites
◉ Beta-adrenergic blockers, the most widely used adrenergic
blockers, work by:.
Answer: preventing stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
by inhibiting the action of catecholamines at beta-adrenergic
receptors.
◉ Pharmacokinetics of Beta-adrenergic blockers.
Answer: they are usually absorbed rapidly and well from the GI tract
and are somewhat protein-bound. Food doesn't inhibit—and may
even enhance—their absorption. Some betaadrenergic blockers are
absorbed more completely than others. Beta-adrenergic blockers
have widespread effects in the body because they produce their
blocking action not only at adrenergic nerve endings but also in the
adrenal medulla.
◉ What are the adverse effects of beta-blockers? (16).
Answer: hypotension, bradycardia, peripheral vascular insufficiency,
atrioventricular block, heart failure, fatigue, bronchospasm, diarrhea