EEB 2244 UPDATED EXAM TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Summer stratification - ✔✔surface waters gain heat faster than deeper waters, and
float on the surface
✔✔Autumn overturn - ✔✔surface waters cool and sink + winds -> mixing with deep
waters
✔✔Winter stratification - ✔✔-surface freezes, 0°C water floats beneath
-4°C water, denser, sinks to bottom
✔✔Spring overturn - ✔✔surface waters warm to 4°C and sink + winds -> mixing with
deeper water
✔✔Wetland biomes - ✔✔-freshwater
-saltwater
✔✔Freshwater - ✔✔swamps, marshes and bogs
-function as water purification systems
✔✔Saltwater - ✔✔marshes and mangrove swamps
-salt marshes often found in/around estuaries, nutrient-rich, highly productive
,-mangroves prevent shoreline erosion. Also found in estuaries
✔✔Intertidal zones - ✔✔rocky or mudflats
-harsh fluctuating conditions
(temp., moisture, salt)
✔✔Coral reefs - ✔✔shallow ~20°C water. Exoskeleton of corals (small animals) = reef
structure
-high biodiversity
✔✔Open ocean - ✔✔generally sparse nutrients, low productivity
-photic vs aphotic zones
✔✔Aphotic zone - ✔✔portion of lake and ocean where little to no light is acessable
✔✔Photic zone - ✔✔surface layer of lake or ocean that receives sunlight
✔✔asexual reproduction advantages - ✔✔1. offspring assured without another
organism
2. adapted to parent's environment
3.Parent passes on more complete set of genes
✔✔asexual reproduction - ✔✔results in genetically identical clones
Offspring inherit DNA from 1 parent
✔✔asexual reproduction types - ✔✔vegetative propagation, spore formation, binary
fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis
✔✔vegative propagation - ✔✔immature organisms from non-sexual tissue
✔✔spore formation - ✔✔reproductive cells
✔✔binary fission - ✔✔two daughter cells
✔✔budding - ✔✔1 mother (larger) and 1 daughter (smaller) organism
✔✔Fragmentation - ✔✔two mature individuals
✔✔parthenogenesis - ✔✔parent produces embryo without fertilization
✔✔sexual reproduction - ✔✔haploid gametes produced by meiosis; male and female
gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote; mixes the genetic material of two individuals;
creates variation
,✔✔disadvantages of sexual reproduction - ✔✔Sex organs and mating behavior are
costly; Mating behavior can be risky; Mating not guaranteed; Only half the genes
passed on ("cost of meiosis")
✔✔the "cost of meiosis" - ✔✔only half the genes passed on.
50% reduction in the parent's genes passed on to offspring via sexual reproduction
(compared to asexual reproduction)
Sexual reproduction is relatively inefficient
✔✔advantage of sexual reproduction - ✔✔Coping with environmental change
Offspring may encounter different conditions
More genetic variation → better chance of advantageous genes
Coping with parasites and pathogens: Pathogens evolve quickly, Hosts use sexual
reproduction to "keep up" • Evidence from New Zealand: - Snails in high pathogen
shallow waters use sexual reproduction more
Asexual organisms cannot purge mutations: They accumulate
Sexual organisms can: Meiosis → loss of some mutations, Homozygous offspring may
not survive
✔✔Red Queen Hypothesis - ✔✔sex and genetic recombination provide moving targets
for pathogen evolution
✔✔What biologically defines the word "male"? - ✔✔Size and mobility of the gamete
✔✔forms of sexual reproduction - ✔✔separate males and females, male and female
organs on the same individual, simultaneous vs. sequential sex expression
✔✔genetic determination - ✔✔Chromosome combination (XX & XY, ZW & ZZ) -
Presence/absence of sex chromosome
✔✔environmental determination - ✔✔Temperature dependent sex determination
✔✔dioecious - ✔✔separate males and females in plants
✔✔monoecious - ✔✔one plant, separate male and female flowers
✔✔hermaphroditic - ✔✔male and female organs on the same individual in animals
most plants
✔✔Plants with perfect flowers - ✔✔one flower, male and female parts.
✔✔simultaneous hermaphrodites - ✔✔both male and female functions at the same time
, ✔✔sequential hermaphrodites - ✔✔one sex's function and then switch to the other
through physiological transformation
✔✔protogynous - ✔✔female, then male
✔✔protandrous - ✔✔male, then female
✔✔advantage of having separate sexes - ✔✔avoid costs of performing both sides
✔✔disadvantage of having separate sexes - ✔✔reproductive failure
✔✔Hermaphrodism - ✔✔occurs when costs of reproductive failure is greater than cost
of producing both male and female functions
✔✔indigo hamlet - ✔✔simultaneous hermaphrodite: rapidly changes between being
functionally male and female
✔✔wrasse - ✔✔sequential hermaphroditism depending on the environment: female
harem, switch when dominant male lost
✔✔self-fertilization - ✔✔an individual's male gametes fertilize its own female gametes
✔✔out-crossing - ✔✔breeding with other individuals
✔✔mixed strategy - ✔✔Mates available? → outcrossing
Mates unavailable? → selfing
✔✔mating system - ✔✔pattern of mating between males and females
✔✔monogamy - ✔✔one male, one female. Can be serial or life-long.
favored by:
- Equal & important male contribution to raising offspring
- Even resource distribution
- Inability to monopolize >1 female
✔✔polygamy - ✔✔Favored by:
- Patchy resources
✔✔polygyny threshold model - ✔✔individual MALES mate with more than 1 female
- Polygyny: Females prefer few best males
✔✔polyandry - ✔✔individual FEMALES mate with more than 1 male
- Polyandry: Female looks for superior sperm or mating "gifts", unpredictable
environment → maximize egg production
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Summer stratification - ✔✔surface waters gain heat faster than deeper waters, and
float on the surface
✔✔Autumn overturn - ✔✔surface waters cool and sink + winds -> mixing with deep
waters
✔✔Winter stratification - ✔✔-surface freezes, 0°C water floats beneath
-4°C water, denser, sinks to bottom
✔✔Spring overturn - ✔✔surface waters warm to 4°C and sink + winds -> mixing with
deeper water
✔✔Wetland biomes - ✔✔-freshwater
-saltwater
✔✔Freshwater - ✔✔swamps, marshes and bogs
-function as water purification systems
✔✔Saltwater - ✔✔marshes and mangrove swamps
-salt marshes often found in/around estuaries, nutrient-rich, highly productive
,-mangroves prevent shoreline erosion. Also found in estuaries
✔✔Intertidal zones - ✔✔rocky or mudflats
-harsh fluctuating conditions
(temp., moisture, salt)
✔✔Coral reefs - ✔✔shallow ~20°C water. Exoskeleton of corals (small animals) = reef
structure
-high biodiversity
✔✔Open ocean - ✔✔generally sparse nutrients, low productivity
-photic vs aphotic zones
✔✔Aphotic zone - ✔✔portion of lake and ocean where little to no light is acessable
✔✔Photic zone - ✔✔surface layer of lake or ocean that receives sunlight
✔✔asexual reproduction advantages - ✔✔1. offspring assured without another
organism
2. adapted to parent's environment
3.Parent passes on more complete set of genes
✔✔asexual reproduction - ✔✔results in genetically identical clones
Offspring inherit DNA from 1 parent
✔✔asexual reproduction types - ✔✔vegetative propagation, spore formation, binary
fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis
✔✔vegative propagation - ✔✔immature organisms from non-sexual tissue
✔✔spore formation - ✔✔reproductive cells
✔✔binary fission - ✔✔two daughter cells
✔✔budding - ✔✔1 mother (larger) and 1 daughter (smaller) organism
✔✔Fragmentation - ✔✔two mature individuals
✔✔parthenogenesis - ✔✔parent produces embryo without fertilization
✔✔sexual reproduction - ✔✔haploid gametes produced by meiosis; male and female
gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote; mixes the genetic material of two individuals;
creates variation
,✔✔disadvantages of sexual reproduction - ✔✔Sex organs and mating behavior are
costly; Mating behavior can be risky; Mating not guaranteed; Only half the genes
passed on ("cost of meiosis")
✔✔the "cost of meiosis" - ✔✔only half the genes passed on.
50% reduction in the parent's genes passed on to offspring via sexual reproduction
(compared to asexual reproduction)
Sexual reproduction is relatively inefficient
✔✔advantage of sexual reproduction - ✔✔Coping with environmental change
Offspring may encounter different conditions
More genetic variation → better chance of advantageous genes
Coping with parasites and pathogens: Pathogens evolve quickly, Hosts use sexual
reproduction to "keep up" • Evidence from New Zealand: - Snails in high pathogen
shallow waters use sexual reproduction more
Asexual organisms cannot purge mutations: They accumulate
Sexual organisms can: Meiosis → loss of some mutations, Homozygous offspring may
not survive
✔✔Red Queen Hypothesis - ✔✔sex and genetic recombination provide moving targets
for pathogen evolution
✔✔What biologically defines the word "male"? - ✔✔Size and mobility of the gamete
✔✔forms of sexual reproduction - ✔✔separate males and females, male and female
organs on the same individual, simultaneous vs. sequential sex expression
✔✔genetic determination - ✔✔Chromosome combination (XX & XY, ZW & ZZ) -
Presence/absence of sex chromosome
✔✔environmental determination - ✔✔Temperature dependent sex determination
✔✔dioecious - ✔✔separate males and females in plants
✔✔monoecious - ✔✔one plant, separate male and female flowers
✔✔hermaphroditic - ✔✔male and female organs on the same individual in animals
most plants
✔✔Plants with perfect flowers - ✔✔one flower, male and female parts.
✔✔simultaneous hermaphrodites - ✔✔both male and female functions at the same time
, ✔✔sequential hermaphrodites - ✔✔one sex's function and then switch to the other
through physiological transformation
✔✔protogynous - ✔✔female, then male
✔✔protandrous - ✔✔male, then female
✔✔advantage of having separate sexes - ✔✔avoid costs of performing both sides
✔✔disadvantage of having separate sexes - ✔✔reproductive failure
✔✔Hermaphrodism - ✔✔occurs when costs of reproductive failure is greater than cost
of producing both male and female functions
✔✔indigo hamlet - ✔✔simultaneous hermaphrodite: rapidly changes between being
functionally male and female
✔✔wrasse - ✔✔sequential hermaphroditism depending on the environment: female
harem, switch when dominant male lost
✔✔self-fertilization - ✔✔an individual's male gametes fertilize its own female gametes
✔✔out-crossing - ✔✔breeding with other individuals
✔✔mixed strategy - ✔✔Mates available? → outcrossing
Mates unavailable? → selfing
✔✔mating system - ✔✔pattern of mating between males and females
✔✔monogamy - ✔✔one male, one female. Can be serial or life-long.
favored by:
- Equal & important male contribution to raising offspring
- Even resource distribution
- Inability to monopolize >1 female
✔✔polygamy - ✔✔Favored by:
- Patchy resources
✔✔polygyny threshold model - ✔✔individual MALES mate with more than 1 female
- Polygyny: Females prefer few best males
✔✔polyandry - ✔✔individual FEMALES mate with more than 1 male
- Polyandry: Female looks for superior sperm or mating "gifts", unpredictable
environment → maximize egg production
