NEUROSCIENCE UPDATED EXAMS TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Opioid peptides - ✔✔∙β-endorphin
∙dynorphin
∙leu-enkephalin
∙met-enkephalin
∙met-enkephalin-Gly-Tyr
∙met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu
∙first 4 are very important b/c they can be found in humans
✔✔β-endorphin - ✔✔reduce the intensity of pain sensed by the brain
continuous exercise contributes to the brain's release of endorphins
∙when you move muscle, in order to avoid pain, you add opioid peptide to allow more
exercise
✔✔Physiology and function of neuropeptides - ✔✔modulate pain
modulate appetite
∙why heroin users don't want food
cardiovascular, respiratory and GI functions
, large function in reward function
fear
locomotion
most important immune suppressing compound
✔✔Neuropoietic Cytokines - ✔✔some members of the family are interleukins (6 and
10), leukemia inhibitory factors (LIF), and neuropoietin and cardiotrophin-like cytokines
functions
∙CNS development, neurogenesis
∙neuronal/glial survival
∙neuroinflammation (very bad)
∙activate responses after CNS injury
∙stress responses
∙participate in chronic pain
✔✔Neuropoiesis - ✔✔also called adult neurogenesis
start from totally undifferentiated stem cells and at the end we can produce either a
neuron, or an astrocyte, or an oligodendrocyte
✔✔Neuropoiesis Mechanism Summary - ✔✔start with totipotent embryonic stem cell →
? → primitive neural stem cells (now committed to become neurons, but not yet a
neuron)
in order for these cells to become more committed, we need additional neuropoietic
cytokines (i.e. LIF/CNTF) → become neural stem cells
these cells, through other cytokines (i.e. IL-6 or CNTF), will develop into different mature
cells
✔✔Neuropoietic Receptors - ✔✔neuropoietic receptors activate receptors that are
composed of gp130
∙NOT G PROTEINS
work by activation of the JAK-STAT pathway
work as a dimer
✔✔Pro-inflammatory cytokines - ✔✔interleukin-1
tumor necrosis factor
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Opioid peptides - ✔✔∙β-endorphin
∙dynorphin
∙leu-enkephalin
∙met-enkephalin
∙met-enkephalin-Gly-Tyr
∙met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu
∙first 4 are very important b/c they can be found in humans
✔✔β-endorphin - ✔✔reduce the intensity of pain sensed by the brain
continuous exercise contributes to the brain's release of endorphins
∙when you move muscle, in order to avoid pain, you add opioid peptide to allow more
exercise
✔✔Physiology and function of neuropeptides - ✔✔modulate pain
modulate appetite
∙why heroin users don't want food
cardiovascular, respiratory and GI functions
, large function in reward function
fear
locomotion
most important immune suppressing compound
✔✔Neuropoietic Cytokines - ✔✔some members of the family are interleukins (6 and
10), leukemia inhibitory factors (LIF), and neuropoietin and cardiotrophin-like cytokines
functions
∙CNS development, neurogenesis
∙neuronal/glial survival
∙neuroinflammation (very bad)
∙activate responses after CNS injury
∙stress responses
∙participate in chronic pain
✔✔Neuropoiesis - ✔✔also called adult neurogenesis
start from totally undifferentiated stem cells and at the end we can produce either a
neuron, or an astrocyte, or an oligodendrocyte
✔✔Neuropoiesis Mechanism Summary - ✔✔start with totipotent embryonic stem cell →
? → primitive neural stem cells (now committed to become neurons, but not yet a
neuron)
in order for these cells to become more committed, we need additional neuropoietic
cytokines (i.e. LIF/CNTF) → become neural stem cells
these cells, through other cytokines (i.e. IL-6 or CNTF), will develop into different mature
cells
✔✔Neuropoietic Receptors - ✔✔neuropoietic receptors activate receptors that are
composed of gp130
∙NOT G PROTEINS
work by activation of the JAK-STAT pathway
work as a dimer
✔✔Pro-inflammatory cytokines - ✔✔interleukin-1
tumor necrosis factor
