LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT LATEST EXAMS SCRIPT
ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔preoperational stage - ✔✔Piaget's 2nd stage, starts at age two and continues to age
seven, describes how children have not yet developed logical thought
✔✔egocentrism - ✔✔child's failure to be able to take another person's perspective,
characteristic of children in preoperational stage
✔✔conservation - ✔✔child's ability to understand that changing the shape of a liquid or
solid does not alter its quantity
✔✔concrete operational stage - ✔✔Piaget's 3rd stage, starts at age seven and
continues to age 11, describes how children have developed basic logic
✔✔formal operational stage - ✔✔Piaget's 4th stage, starts at age 12 and continues
through adulthood, describes the ability to reason about hypothetical situations
✔✔abstract reasoning - ✔✔highest type of thinking characterized by the ability to
reason about hypothetical situations
✔✔post formal thinking - ✔✔process of thinking that continues beyond logical thought ,
includes understanding that there is not always a clear right or wrong answer
, ✔✔Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory - ✔✔theory of cognitive development that
emphasizes how factors "outside" the child interact with factors "inside" the child to
influence how the child thinks
✔✔scaffolding - ✔✔hints or instructions that allow children (and adults) to think about
and do things they could otherwide not do on their own
✔✔input - ✔✔taking information in
✔✔storage - ✔✔holding on to information as in memory
✔✔output - ✔✔getting information out
✔✔cooing - ✔✔infants' first language-like sounds
✔✔babbling - ✔✔infants uttering a combination of consonant and vowel sounds
✔✔infant directed speech - ✔✔adults speaking to infants in a stereotypic tone of voice,
by raising the pitch of voice and speaking in very simple, short, repetitive phrases
✔✔telegraphic speech - ✔✔contains only the most essential words to convey a short
fast message
✔✔statistical learning - ✔✔the ability to use probabilities to recognize the boundaries
between words
✔✔critical period - ✔✔a sensitive time during which a person or organism is particularly
receptive to input from the environment
✔✔internal working model - ✔✔Bowlby's model that describes how the quality of early
attachment relationships predict the quality of relationships across the lifespan
✔✔strange situation - ✔✔Ainsworth's research protocol to study attachment
✔✔basic types of attachment - ✔✔four styles of attachment identified by Mary
Ainsworth that describe the relationship and bond between a primary caregiver and
child
✔✔secure - ✔✔in the "strange situation," child is upset when parent leaves, easily
soothed when parent returns, prefers parent over lab assistant
✔✔avoidant - ✔✔in the "strange situation," child is does not get upset when parent
leaves, avoids parent when parent returns, does not prefer parent over lab assistant
ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔preoperational stage - ✔✔Piaget's 2nd stage, starts at age two and continues to age
seven, describes how children have not yet developed logical thought
✔✔egocentrism - ✔✔child's failure to be able to take another person's perspective,
characteristic of children in preoperational stage
✔✔conservation - ✔✔child's ability to understand that changing the shape of a liquid or
solid does not alter its quantity
✔✔concrete operational stage - ✔✔Piaget's 3rd stage, starts at age seven and
continues to age 11, describes how children have developed basic logic
✔✔formal operational stage - ✔✔Piaget's 4th stage, starts at age 12 and continues
through adulthood, describes the ability to reason about hypothetical situations
✔✔abstract reasoning - ✔✔highest type of thinking characterized by the ability to
reason about hypothetical situations
✔✔post formal thinking - ✔✔process of thinking that continues beyond logical thought ,
includes understanding that there is not always a clear right or wrong answer
, ✔✔Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory - ✔✔theory of cognitive development that
emphasizes how factors "outside" the child interact with factors "inside" the child to
influence how the child thinks
✔✔scaffolding - ✔✔hints or instructions that allow children (and adults) to think about
and do things they could otherwide not do on their own
✔✔input - ✔✔taking information in
✔✔storage - ✔✔holding on to information as in memory
✔✔output - ✔✔getting information out
✔✔cooing - ✔✔infants' first language-like sounds
✔✔babbling - ✔✔infants uttering a combination of consonant and vowel sounds
✔✔infant directed speech - ✔✔adults speaking to infants in a stereotypic tone of voice,
by raising the pitch of voice and speaking in very simple, short, repetitive phrases
✔✔telegraphic speech - ✔✔contains only the most essential words to convey a short
fast message
✔✔statistical learning - ✔✔the ability to use probabilities to recognize the boundaries
between words
✔✔critical period - ✔✔a sensitive time during which a person or organism is particularly
receptive to input from the environment
✔✔internal working model - ✔✔Bowlby's model that describes how the quality of early
attachment relationships predict the quality of relationships across the lifespan
✔✔strange situation - ✔✔Ainsworth's research protocol to study attachment
✔✔basic types of attachment - ✔✔four styles of attachment identified by Mary
Ainsworth that describe the relationship and bond between a primary caregiver and
child
✔✔secure - ✔✔in the "strange situation," child is upset when parent leaves, easily
soothed when parent returns, prefers parent over lab assistant
✔✔avoidant - ✔✔in the "strange situation," child is does not get upset when parent
leaves, avoids parent when parent returns, does not prefer parent over lab assistant
