NR 509 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026 | Complete
Review Pack | A+
• Off Label Drugs . Answer: Drug is FDA approved for one use, but is being prescribed
for a different purpose.
• FDA Approved Drugs . Answer: Proven to be safe and effective for treatment for a
specific illness/issue.
• Sublingual Route of Administration . Answer: Oral administration in which a drug is
placed under the tongue and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream (bypasses the
first pass effect)
• Enteral Route of Administration . Answer: Slowest rate of administration, medication
given orally, rectally, or placed directly into GI tract via NG, NI, or PEG tube (does NOT
bypass the first pass effect).
• Intravenous Route of Administration . Answer: Medication administered via the veins,
produces the most rapid drug response , can produce an almost immediate onset of
action (bypasses the first past effect)
• Intramuscular Route of Administration . Answer: Requires a needle for administration,
medication is administered in the muscle, allows drug to diffuse slowly into the many
blood vessels within muscle tissue (bypasses the first pass effect).
• Subcutaneous Route of Administration . Answer: Medication administered under the
skin into the SUBCUTANEOUS tissue (bypasses the first pass effect)
• Intradermal Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is administered into the
DERMIS of the skin (bypasses the first pass effect).
• Buccal Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is administered in the oral
mucosa between the cheek and gum (bypasses first pass effect)
• Rectal Route of Administration . Answer: The delivery of medication via the rectum,
good alternative when oral is not available (does NOT bypass first pass effect)
• Topical Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is applied directly on the skin via
ointment, gels, or creams (bypasses the first pass effect)
• Transdermal Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is administered via
adhesive patches, provide constant rate of absorption (bypasses first pass effect)
,• Inhalation Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is directly delivered to the
lungs for rapid absorption (bypasses first pass effect)
• Schedule I Drug . Answer: HIGHEST abuse potential, is not accepted for medical use.
EX: Heroin, LSD, marijuana
• Schedule II Drug . Answer: High potential for abuse/dependence, but also have
recognized medical uses. EX: Opium, morphine, and cocaine.
• Schedule III Drug . Answer: Moderate potential for abuse, but have a useful medical
purpose. EX: Short-acting barbiturates and amphetamines.
• Schedule IV Drug . Answer: Low potential for abuse and have a useful medical
purpose. EX: Diazepam and chloral hydrate.
• Schedule V Drug . Answer: Lowest potential for abuse of all schedule drug categories.
EX:
Antitussives, antidiarrheals, opioid derivatives.
• Drug Distribution . Answer: The movement of the drug from the circulation to body
tissues.
• Quick Distribution Sites . Answer: The heart, liver, and kidneys.
• Slow Distribution Sites . Answer: Bone, skin, muscle, fat, and brain (blood brain
barrier).
• Drugs bound to protein (albumin) make the drug __________________________. .
Answer: Pharmacologically inactive and not available.
• Free Drug . Answer: An active drug or other compound that is not bound to a carrier
protein.
• How do albumin levels potentially effect drug levels? . Answer: If levels are low, there
is a higher amount of free drug (increased drug activity). If levels are high, there there is
more bound drug than there is free drug (decreased drug activity).
• What can affect albumin levels? . Answer: Low = Kidney/liver disease, inflammation,
or infections. High = Dehydration, stress, ore use of steroids/insulin/birth control
medications.
• Cytochrome P450 enzymes . Answer: Family of enzymes most predominant in liver
but also found in the intestines, lungs, and other organs, are essential for the
metabolism of many medications.
, • CP450 Enzyme's Influence on Drug Interactions . Answer: Can be inhibited or induced
by drugs, resulting in significant drug-drug interactions.
• Agonist . Answer: A molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates the desired
response.
• Antagonist . Answer: A molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a
response.
• Partial Antagonist . Answer: Drug that acts as an agonist to some receptors, but an
antagonist to others. Some opioid drugs have this property.
• Patient Rights of Drug Administration . Answer: Right DRUG, right DOSE, right TIME,
right Route/Form, right PATIENT, right DOCUMENTATION, right REASON, right
RESPONSE, right to REFUSE.
• Ways to Prevent Medication Errors . Answer: Multiple systems of checks and
balances, legible and correct orders, appropriate consultation, check medication order
three times, "Six Rights" of medication administration, minimize verbal or telephone
orders, list indication next to each order, avoid medical shorthand, including
abbreviations and acronyms.
• QSEN Medication Error Prevention . Answer: Patient-centered care, teamwork and
collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, informatics.
• Medication Reconciliation . Answer: Reflects patient's current medication history and
allergies, compares orders written by provider to order in chart, and clarifies
discrepancies.
• What Causes Medication Errors with Children . Answer: Immature vital organs (skin,
stomach, lungs, liver, and kidneys), and physiologic systems and functions developing
(body temperature, and fluid balance)
• What Causes Medication Errors with the Elderly . Answer: Vital organs not working as
efficiently (heart, GI tract, liver, kidneys) and memory (forgetting to take
medication/omission).
• Disease States that Increase Metabolic Needs . Answer: COPD, fever, burns, cancer,
diabetes, and hyperthyroidism.
• BMI - Underweight . Answer: <18.5
• BMI - Normal . Answer: 18.5-24.9
• BMI -Overweight . Answer: 25-29.9
VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026 | Complete
Review Pack | A+
• Off Label Drugs . Answer: Drug is FDA approved for one use, but is being prescribed
for a different purpose.
• FDA Approved Drugs . Answer: Proven to be safe and effective for treatment for a
specific illness/issue.
• Sublingual Route of Administration . Answer: Oral administration in which a drug is
placed under the tongue and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream (bypasses the
first pass effect)
• Enteral Route of Administration . Answer: Slowest rate of administration, medication
given orally, rectally, or placed directly into GI tract via NG, NI, or PEG tube (does NOT
bypass the first pass effect).
• Intravenous Route of Administration . Answer: Medication administered via the veins,
produces the most rapid drug response , can produce an almost immediate onset of
action (bypasses the first past effect)
• Intramuscular Route of Administration . Answer: Requires a needle for administration,
medication is administered in the muscle, allows drug to diffuse slowly into the many
blood vessels within muscle tissue (bypasses the first pass effect).
• Subcutaneous Route of Administration . Answer: Medication administered under the
skin into the SUBCUTANEOUS tissue (bypasses the first pass effect)
• Intradermal Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is administered into the
DERMIS of the skin (bypasses the first pass effect).
• Buccal Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is administered in the oral
mucosa between the cheek and gum (bypasses first pass effect)
• Rectal Route of Administration . Answer: The delivery of medication via the rectum,
good alternative when oral is not available (does NOT bypass first pass effect)
• Topical Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is applied directly on the skin via
ointment, gels, or creams (bypasses the first pass effect)
• Transdermal Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is administered via
adhesive patches, provide constant rate of absorption (bypasses first pass effect)
,• Inhalation Route of Administration . Answer: Medication is directly delivered to the
lungs for rapid absorption (bypasses first pass effect)
• Schedule I Drug . Answer: HIGHEST abuse potential, is not accepted for medical use.
EX: Heroin, LSD, marijuana
• Schedule II Drug . Answer: High potential for abuse/dependence, but also have
recognized medical uses. EX: Opium, morphine, and cocaine.
• Schedule III Drug . Answer: Moderate potential for abuse, but have a useful medical
purpose. EX: Short-acting barbiturates and amphetamines.
• Schedule IV Drug . Answer: Low potential for abuse and have a useful medical
purpose. EX: Diazepam and chloral hydrate.
• Schedule V Drug . Answer: Lowest potential for abuse of all schedule drug categories.
EX:
Antitussives, antidiarrheals, opioid derivatives.
• Drug Distribution . Answer: The movement of the drug from the circulation to body
tissues.
• Quick Distribution Sites . Answer: The heart, liver, and kidneys.
• Slow Distribution Sites . Answer: Bone, skin, muscle, fat, and brain (blood brain
barrier).
• Drugs bound to protein (albumin) make the drug __________________________. .
Answer: Pharmacologically inactive and not available.
• Free Drug . Answer: An active drug or other compound that is not bound to a carrier
protein.
• How do albumin levels potentially effect drug levels? . Answer: If levels are low, there
is a higher amount of free drug (increased drug activity). If levels are high, there there is
more bound drug than there is free drug (decreased drug activity).
• What can affect albumin levels? . Answer: Low = Kidney/liver disease, inflammation,
or infections. High = Dehydration, stress, ore use of steroids/insulin/birth control
medications.
• Cytochrome P450 enzymes . Answer: Family of enzymes most predominant in liver
but also found in the intestines, lungs, and other organs, are essential for the
metabolism of many medications.
, • CP450 Enzyme's Influence on Drug Interactions . Answer: Can be inhibited or induced
by drugs, resulting in significant drug-drug interactions.
• Agonist . Answer: A molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates the desired
response.
• Antagonist . Answer: A molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a
response.
• Partial Antagonist . Answer: Drug that acts as an agonist to some receptors, but an
antagonist to others. Some opioid drugs have this property.
• Patient Rights of Drug Administration . Answer: Right DRUG, right DOSE, right TIME,
right Route/Form, right PATIENT, right DOCUMENTATION, right REASON, right
RESPONSE, right to REFUSE.
• Ways to Prevent Medication Errors . Answer: Multiple systems of checks and
balances, legible and correct orders, appropriate consultation, check medication order
three times, "Six Rights" of medication administration, minimize verbal or telephone
orders, list indication next to each order, avoid medical shorthand, including
abbreviations and acronyms.
• QSEN Medication Error Prevention . Answer: Patient-centered care, teamwork and
collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, informatics.
• Medication Reconciliation . Answer: Reflects patient's current medication history and
allergies, compares orders written by provider to order in chart, and clarifies
discrepancies.
• What Causes Medication Errors with Children . Answer: Immature vital organs (skin,
stomach, lungs, liver, and kidneys), and physiologic systems and functions developing
(body temperature, and fluid balance)
• What Causes Medication Errors with the Elderly . Answer: Vital organs not working as
efficiently (heart, GI tract, liver, kidneys) and memory (forgetting to take
medication/omission).
• Disease States that Increase Metabolic Needs . Answer: COPD, fever, burns, cancer,
diabetes, and hyperthyroidism.
• BMI - Underweight . Answer: <18.5
• BMI - Normal . Answer: 18.5-24.9
• BMI -Overweight . Answer: 25-29.9
