Coun 502: Midterm Review Exam Questions
With Verified Answers
American Counseling Association (ACA) - ANSWER the professional
organization that represents the interests of professional counselors in general
The ACA was formed through the alliance of the following professional groups: -
ANSWER National Vocational Guidance Association
National Association of Guidance Supervisors
American College Personnel Association
Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education
American Mental Health Counseling Association (AMHCA) - ANSWER the
professional organization that represents the interests and needs of clinical
mental health counselors
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
(CACREP) - ANSWER - Established in 1981 by ACA
- An independent accrediting body recognized by the Council for Higher
Education Accreditation
- The largest specialized accreditation body for master's and doctoral programs
in professional counseling
What are three general components of the curricular model? - ANSWER
Common Core Curriculum
Standards for Specialization
Professional Practice Experience
What type programs are accredited? - ANSWER Addiction Counseling
Career Counseling
Clinical Mental Health Counseling
Clinical Rehabilitation Counseling
College Counseling and Student Affairs
Marriage, Couple, and Family Counseling
School Counseling
Rehabilitation Counseling
CACREP has identified eight common core areas of study that are required of all
students in graduate counseling programs: - ANSWER Professional Orientation
and Ethical Practice
Social and Cultural Diversity
,Human Growth and Development
Career Development
Counseling and Helping Relationships
Group Work
Assessment
Research and Program Evaluation
Psychiatry/Psychiatrist - ANSWER ‒ Earn a medical degree (MD) and complete a
residency in psychiatry.
‒ Schooled in the biomedical model, "which focuses on the physical processes
thought to underlay mental and emotional disorders".
‒ They are physicians who specialize in diagnosing, treating, and preventing
mental illness.
‒ They can prescribe medications.
‒ Their clients are called patients.
Psychologists - ANSWER ‒ Earn a doctoral degree in psychology (Ph.D),
philosophy (Psy.D), or education (Ed.D).
‒ They assess, diagnose, and treat mental illness and emotional distress.
‒ That have the statutory right to diagnose and are highly trained in
psychological testing.
‒ School work may be concentrated in clinical, counseling, or school-related
areas.
Clinical Psychology/Psychologists - ANSWER ‒ is the subdiscipline that is
primarily focused on the study, assessment, treatment, and prevention of
abnormal behavior.
‒ Earn one of the following advanced degrees in psychology: a doctor of
philosophy (PhD), a doctor of education (EdD), or a doctor of psychology (PsyD).
‒ Focus on a variety of serious mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder,
schizophrenia, and major depressive disorders, among others.
‒ Often employed in more clinical settings such as hospitals and medical
schools, though many also work in private practice.
Counseling Psychologists - ANSWER ‒ Stronger focus on healthy individuals,
who have fewer pathological mental problems.
‒ Their work focuses more on emotional, social and physical issues that arise
from typical life stresses or more serious issues associated with school, work or
family settings. Thus, their work is more client-centric, focusing on wellness and
prevention rather than pathology.
‒ Might see patients for relationship issues, substance abuse counseling, career
advice, difficulty adapting to life changes and other such issues.
‒ Counseling psychology programs tend to follow APA standards so they have
an emphasis on research, psychopathology, and assessment.
‒ They often use what is referred to as the scientist or practitioner model.
‒ Counseling psychology programs emphasis is on the medical model.
,Mental Health Counselors - ANSWER ‒ Earn either a master's or a doctorate in
counseling from a counselor education program and complete internships in
specialty areas such as school counseling; rehabilitation counseling; mental
health counseling; career counseling; gerontological counseling; addiction
counseling; or marriage, couple, and family counseling.
‒ They are usually certified by the National Board of Certified Counselors
(NBCC) (the primary national agency that certifies counselors) as a National
Certified Counselor (NCC) (the entry level of national credentialing).
‒ Often they are credentialed on a specialist level, such as school, mental
health, or addiction.
‒ In addition, they are licensed to practice by individual states.
‒ Counselors treat mental health disorders from a strength-based and
development emphasis.
Social Worker - ANSWER ‒ Usually earn a master's of social work degree (MSW)
‒ Regardless of their educational background, social workers on all levels have
completed internships in social agency settings.
‒ Social workers link people to tangible services, provide counseling, help
communities to provide and improve health and social services, and advocate
for the inclusion of social work principles and values in relevant legislative
processes.
‒ "Social work differentiates itself from counseling, psychology, and psychiatry
in that its mission includes mandates to negotiate social systems and advocate
for change, to understand clients' habitats (physical and social settings within
cultural contexts) and niches (statuses and roles in community) and to provide
social services".
Marriage and Family Therapists - ANSWER ‒ Can be viewed as both a
professional orientation and a specific vocation within the mental health
professions
‒ Are members of a distinct profession who diagnose and treat a wide range of
human conditions, including individual psychopathology, parent-child problems,
and marital distress and conflict, within the context of marriage and family
systems.
‒ The presenting issues are viewed from a relational and systemic orientation.
‒ To be a licensed marriage and family therapist, the practitioner must have
earned either a master's or doctoral degree in marriage and family therapy and
have at least 2 years of clinical experience conducted under qualified
supervision.
The clinical mental health counseling paradigm is based on principles of: -
ANSWER -Human Development
-Ecological context
-Emphasis on wellness
-Emphasis on prevention
, Stage Models: - ANSWER describe persons as passing through a sequence of
stages over the course of the lifespan.
Incremental Models: - ANSWER view human development as a gradual,
cumulative process of change that takes place from conception to death.
Theories of Human Development - List the stage theories and theorists
associated with them. - ANSWER - Freud - Psychosexual Development
- Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Piaget - Stages of Cognitive Development
- Kohlberg - Stages of Moral Development
- Atkinson, Morten, and Sue - racial/ cultural identity development
Theories of Human Development - List the incremental theories and theorists
associated with them. - ANSWER - Pavlov - classical conditioning
- Skinner - operant conditioning
- Bandura - Theory of Social Learning
- Vygotsky - Sociocultural theory
- Bowlby - Attachment Theory
List the principles of Lifespan Development. - ANSWER 1. Development is a
continuous, lifelong process.
2. Development is relative and plastic.
3. Human development takes place in a context.
4. Human development is an interactional and bidirectional process.
Ecological Context (Bronfenbrenner) - ANSWER •Microsystem - the level of
context in which face-to-face interactions takes place.
• Mesosystem - the level of context in which two or more of the client's
microsystems interact.
• Exosystem - the level of context in which two or more settings interact, one of
which does not contain the client.
• Macrosystem - the level of context defined by the client's culture,
encompassing that culture's roles, values, and expectations.
What does the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC) do? - ANSWER is
the main national organization that certifies counselors. Certification specialties
are available from NBCC in school counseling, mental health counseling,
addiction counseling, and supervision.
Who can be certified? - ANSWER Counselors who wish to become a National
Certified Counselor (NCC) must have a minimum of 48 semester hours or 72
quarter hours of graduate study in counseling or a related field, including a
master's degree in counseling from a regionally accredited institution of higher
education. They must also have a minimum of two academic terms of supervised
With Verified Answers
American Counseling Association (ACA) - ANSWER the professional
organization that represents the interests of professional counselors in general
The ACA was formed through the alliance of the following professional groups: -
ANSWER National Vocational Guidance Association
National Association of Guidance Supervisors
American College Personnel Association
Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education
American Mental Health Counseling Association (AMHCA) - ANSWER the
professional organization that represents the interests and needs of clinical
mental health counselors
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
(CACREP) - ANSWER - Established in 1981 by ACA
- An independent accrediting body recognized by the Council for Higher
Education Accreditation
- The largest specialized accreditation body for master's and doctoral programs
in professional counseling
What are three general components of the curricular model? - ANSWER
Common Core Curriculum
Standards for Specialization
Professional Practice Experience
What type programs are accredited? - ANSWER Addiction Counseling
Career Counseling
Clinical Mental Health Counseling
Clinical Rehabilitation Counseling
College Counseling and Student Affairs
Marriage, Couple, and Family Counseling
School Counseling
Rehabilitation Counseling
CACREP has identified eight common core areas of study that are required of all
students in graduate counseling programs: - ANSWER Professional Orientation
and Ethical Practice
Social and Cultural Diversity
,Human Growth and Development
Career Development
Counseling and Helping Relationships
Group Work
Assessment
Research and Program Evaluation
Psychiatry/Psychiatrist - ANSWER ‒ Earn a medical degree (MD) and complete a
residency in psychiatry.
‒ Schooled in the biomedical model, "which focuses on the physical processes
thought to underlay mental and emotional disorders".
‒ They are physicians who specialize in diagnosing, treating, and preventing
mental illness.
‒ They can prescribe medications.
‒ Their clients are called patients.
Psychologists - ANSWER ‒ Earn a doctoral degree in psychology (Ph.D),
philosophy (Psy.D), or education (Ed.D).
‒ They assess, diagnose, and treat mental illness and emotional distress.
‒ That have the statutory right to diagnose and are highly trained in
psychological testing.
‒ School work may be concentrated in clinical, counseling, or school-related
areas.
Clinical Psychology/Psychologists - ANSWER ‒ is the subdiscipline that is
primarily focused on the study, assessment, treatment, and prevention of
abnormal behavior.
‒ Earn one of the following advanced degrees in psychology: a doctor of
philosophy (PhD), a doctor of education (EdD), or a doctor of psychology (PsyD).
‒ Focus on a variety of serious mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder,
schizophrenia, and major depressive disorders, among others.
‒ Often employed in more clinical settings such as hospitals and medical
schools, though many also work in private practice.
Counseling Psychologists - ANSWER ‒ Stronger focus on healthy individuals,
who have fewer pathological mental problems.
‒ Their work focuses more on emotional, social and physical issues that arise
from typical life stresses or more serious issues associated with school, work or
family settings. Thus, their work is more client-centric, focusing on wellness and
prevention rather than pathology.
‒ Might see patients for relationship issues, substance abuse counseling, career
advice, difficulty adapting to life changes and other such issues.
‒ Counseling psychology programs tend to follow APA standards so they have
an emphasis on research, psychopathology, and assessment.
‒ They often use what is referred to as the scientist or practitioner model.
‒ Counseling psychology programs emphasis is on the medical model.
,Mental Health Counselors - ANSWER ‒ Earn either a master's or a doctorate in
counseling from a counselor education program and complete internships in
specialty areas such as school counseling; rehabilitation counseling; mental
health counseling; career counseling; gerontological counseling; addiction
counseling; or marriage, couple, and family counseling.
‒ They are usually certified by the National Board of Certified Counselors
(NBCC) (the primary national agency that certifies counselors) as a National
Certified Counselor (NCC) (the entry level of national credentialing).
‒ Often they are credentialed on a specialist level, such as school, mental
health, or addiction.
‒ In addition, they are licensed to practice by individual states.
‒ Counselors treat mental health disorders from a strength-based and
development emphasis.
Social Worker - ANSWER ‒ Usually earn a master's of social work degree (MSW)
‒ Regardless of their educational background, social workers on all levels have
completed internships in social agency settings.
‒ Social workers link people to tangible services, provide counseling, help
communities to provide and improve health and social services, and advocate
for the inclusion of social work principles and values in relevant legislative
processes.
‒ "Social work differentiates itself from counseling, psychology, and psychiatry
in that its mission includes mandates to negotiate social systems and advocate
for change, to understand clients' habitats (physical and social settings within
cultural contexts) and niches (statuses and roles in community) and to provide
social services".
Marriage and Family Therapists - ANSWER ‒ Can be viewed as both a
professional orientation and a specific vocation within the mental health
professions
‒ Are members of a distinct profession who diagnose and treat a wide range of
human conditions, including individual psychopathology, parent-child problems,
and marital distress and conflict, within the context of marriage and family
systems.
‒ The presenting issues are viewed from a relational and systemic orientation.
‒ To be a licensed marriage and family therapist, the practitioner must have
earned either a master's or doctoral degree in marriage and family therapy and
have at least 2 years of clinical experience conducted under qualified
supervision.
The clinical mental health counseling paradigm is based on principles of: -
ANSWER -Human Development
-Ecological context
-Emphasis on wellness
-Emphasis on prevention
, Stage Models: - ANSWER describe persons as passing through a sequence of
stages over the course of the lifespan.
Incremental Models: - ANSWER view human development as a gradual,
cumulative process of change that takes place from conception to death.
Theories of Human Development - List the stage theories and theorists
associated with them. - ANSWER - Freud - Psychosexual Development
- Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Piaget - Stages of Cognitive Development
- Kohlberg - Stages of Moral Development
- Atkinson, Morten, and Sue - racial/ cultural identity development
Theories of Human Development - List the incremental theories and theorists
associated with them. - ANSWER - Pavlov - classical conditioning
- Skinner - operant conditioning
- Bandura - Theory of Social Learning
- Vygotsky - Sociocultural theory
- Bowlby - Attachment Theory
List the principles of Lifespan Development. - ANSWER 1. Development is a
continuous, lifelong process.
2. Development is relative and plastic.
3. Human development takes place in a context.
4. Human development is an interactional and bidirectional process.
Ecological Context (Bronfenbrenner) - ANSWER •Microsystem - the level of
context in which face-to-face interactions takes place.
• Mesosystem - the level of context in which two or more of the client's
microsystems interact.
• Exosystem - the level of context in which two or more settings interact, one of
which does not contain the client.
• Macrosystem - the level of context defined by the client's culture,
encompassing that culture's roles, values, and expectations.
What does the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC) do? - ANSWER is
the main national organization that certifies counselors. Certification specialties
are available from NBCC in school counseling, mental health counseling,
addiction counseling, and supervision.
Who can be certified? - ANSWER Counselors who wish to become a National
Certified Counselor (NCC) must have a minimum of 48 semester hours or 72
quarter hours of graduate study in counseling or a related field, including a
master's degree in counseling from a regionally accredited institution of higher
education. They must also have a minimum of two academic terms of supervised
