BIO 254 UPDATED EXAM PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔vitamin c - ✔✔ascorbic acid
✔✔mechanical barriers - ✔✔1st line of defense, skin and mucous membranes
✔✔pathogen - ✔✔A disease causing agent
✔✔plasma cells - ✔✔Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.
✔✔antigen - ✔✔substance that triggers an immune response
✔✔memory cells - ✔✔General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for
immunological memory and protective immunity.
✔✔Increase in temperature - ✔✔slows down growth of microorganism
✔✔CNS - ✔✔has no lymph node
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔produce atp
✔✔citric acid cycle - ✔✔completes the breakdown of glucose
✔✔electron transport chain - ✔✔a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons
from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars
through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for
the body in the form of ATP
, with out oxygen
✔✔Carbohydrates - ✔✔Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
✔✔lipid catabolism - ✔✔can produce ketones
✔✔organic molecule - ✔✔A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by
living systems.
✔✔inorganic molecule - ✔✔does not contain carbon and hydrogen
✔✔Macronutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, proteins, and fats nucleic acids
✔✔Micronutrients - ✔✔vitamins and minerals
✔✔Deamination - ✔✔the removal of an amino group from an amino acid
✔✔large intestines - ✔✔water reabsorption
✔✔cellular respiration - ✔✔Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and
other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
✔✔deglutition - ✔✔swallowing
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔cholesterol
triglycerides
✔✔Minerals - ✔✔sodium
calcium
potassium
✔✔Iodine deficiency - ✔✔results in goiter/thyroid problems
✔✔HDL - ✔✔good cholesterol
✔✔Bile - ✔✔A substance produced by the liver
breaks up fat particles. (emulsification)
stored in gallbladder
✔✔Insulin - ✔✔lowers blood sugar
✔✔alimentary canal - ✔✔mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, anal canal
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔vitamin c - ✔✔ascorbic acid
✔✔mechanical barriers - ✔✔1st line of defense, skin and mucous membranes
✔✔pathogen - ✔✔A disease causing agent
✔✔plasma cells - ✔✔Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.
✔✔antigen - ✔✔substance that triggers an immune response
✔✔memory cells - ✔✔General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for
immunological memory and protective immunity.
✔✔Increase in temperature - ✔✔slows down growth of microorganism
✔✔CNS - ✔✔has no lymph node
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔produce atp
✔✔citric acid cycle - ✔✔completes the breakdown of glucose
✔✔electron transport chain - ✔✔a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons
from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars
through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for
the body in the form of ATP
, with out oxygen
✔✔Carbohydrates - ✔✔Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
✔✔lipid catabolism - ✔✔can produce ketones
✔✔organic molecule - ✔✔A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by
living systems.
✔✔inorganic molecule - ✔✔does not contain carbon and hydrogen
✔✔Macronutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, proteins, and fats nucleic acids
✔✔Micronutrients - ✔✔vitamins and minerals
✔✔Deamination - ✔✔the removal of an amino group from an amino acid
✔✔large intestines - ✔✔water reabsorption
✔✔cellular respiration - ✔✔Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and
other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
✔✔deglutition - ✔✔swallowing
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔cholesterol
triglycerides
✔✔Minerals - ✔✔sodium
calcium
potassium
✔✔Iodine deficiency - ✔✔results in goiter/thyroid problems
✔✔HDL - ✔✔good cholesterol
✔✔Bile - ✔✔A substance produced by the liver
breaks up fat particles. (emulsification)
stored in gallbladder
✔✔Insulin - ✔✔lowers blood sugar
✔✔alimentary canal - ✔✔mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, anal canal
