Nutrition notes
Lecture 1: introduction to animal nutrition
A study of feed, its nutrient and chemical components, and how these constituents act and interact
within the animal’s body
A series of process whereby feed is taken in and absorbed into the body of an animal and serves for
the purpose of maintenance, work, growth, production, health, reproduction and milk production
Process:
Ingestion → digestion → absorption → metabolism → elimination
Digestion varies among species – depending on their digestive tract/system
Nutrient:
Chemical element/compound in diet/feed – utilized by animals – essential for normal body
metabolism
Feed must have proper nutrient
6 basic nutrition
• Non energy producing: water, vitamins, minerals
• Energy producing: carbs, protein, lipids
Proper & balanced nutrition
• Prevent disease (poor nutrition susceptible to disease)
• Promote optimal health
• Good production (malnutrition affects growth, milk production, health & reproduction)
Nutrition requirement varies with age, lifestyle, activity
• Species and genetics
• Size (weight)
• Age
• Stage and level of production
• Climate, environment and activity
• Body condition
Additional nutrient
• Cold weather
• Parasite infestation
• Reduced appetite (chronic disease)
• Pregnancy or milk production
Nutritional status
• Adequate (sufficient amount of balanced feed)
• Undernutrition (insufficient feed)
, • Overnutrition (excess feed)
• Malnutrition (insufficient nutrient)
Improper nutrition → improper feeding
Changes in BW (thin)
Hair coat (dull and rough)
Activity (weak and depressed)
Essential nutrient
- body cannot synthesize for itself in sufficient quantity to meet its needs
- Must be obtained from food/feed
Food
• Water
• Dry matter
o Organic matter – carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids, organic acids, vits
o Inorganic matter – minerals
Antinutrients
• May be natural components of feedstuff
o Gossypol and cyclopropenoic fatty acids in cotton seed meal
o Trypsin inhibitor of soybean
o Phytic acid of many vegetable products
o Phytic acid in rice – chelates calcium, zinc, iron and magnesium
• May be result of a natural type of contamination of raw materials
o Aflatoxin produced by mould Aspergillus flavus
• Man-made contaminants
o Herbicides, pesticides, hydrocarbons
Feed additives
• Medication – antibiotics, anticoccidials, insecticides, wormers
• Preservatives – antifungal
• Pigments – add color to skin and egg yolk
, Lecture 2: Nutrient Water
• Important component in nutrition
• Essential to sustain life
• Inexpensive
• 60-70% BW
• 10% water loss = serious illness, 15% water loss = death
Water sources
Primary - drinking
Secondary – free water in feedstuff
Tertiary – metabolic water
Quaternary – bound water
• Important sources differs among species, diet, habitat and ability to conserve body water
Function of water
• Body metabolism – solvent, transport medium, diluent, hydrolysis and oxidation
• Metabolic water
• bT regulation
• acid-base balance
• cushion for tissue cells and nervous system (shock protection)
Water absorption
• GIT (most sections)
• Net absorption
o Ruminants
▪ From rumen to omasum
▪ Net outflow of fluids (gastric secretion) in abomasum
o Other sp
▪ From ileum, jejunum, cecum and large gut
• Water absorbed and moisture in feces varies depending on sp and diet
Osmotic relationship in GIT
After meal, more solutes in digesta increase osmotic pressure
Water flow from cell into rumen and small gut
Mechanism allows body maintain optimum consistency of digesta in GIT
Lecture 1: introduction to animal nutrition
A study of feed, its nutrient and chemical components, and how these constituents act and interact
within the animal’s body
A series of process whereby feed is taken in and absorbed into the body of an animal and serves for
the purpose of maintenance, work, growth, production, health, reproduction and milk production
Process:
Ingestion → digestion → absorption → metabolism → elimination
Digestion varies among species – depending on their digestive tract/system
Nutrient:
Chemical element/compound in diet/feed – utilized by animals – essential for normal body
metabolism
Feed must have proper nutrient
6 basic nutrition
• Non energy producing: water, vitamins, minerals
• Energy producing: carbs, protein, lipids
Proper & balanced nutrition
• Prevent disease (poor nutrition susceptible to disease)
• Promote optimal health
• Good production (malnutrition affects growth, milk production, health & reproduction)
Nutrition requirement varies with age, lifestyle, activity
• Species and genetics
• Size (weight)
• Age
• Stage and level of production
• Climate, environment and activity
• Body condition
Additional nutrient
• Cold weather
• Parasite infestation
• Reduced appetite (chronic disease)
• Pregnancy or milk production
Nutritional status
• Adequate (sufficient amount of balanced feed)
• Undernutrition (insufficient feed)
, • Overnutrition (excess feed)
• Malnutrition (insufficient nutrient)
Improper nutrition → improper feeding
Changes in BW (thin)
Hair coat (dull and rough)
Activity (weak and depressed)
Essential nutrient
- body cannot synthesize for itself in sufficient quantity to meet its needs
- Must be obtained from food/feed
Food
• Water
• Dry matter
o Organic matter – carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids, organic acids, vits
o Inorganic matter – minerals
Antinutrients
• May be natural components of feedstuff
o Gossypol and cyclopropenoic fatty acids in cotton seed meal
o Trypsin inhibitor of soybean
o Phytic acid of many vegetable products
o Phytic acid in rice – chelates calcium, zinc, iron and magnesium
• May be result of a natural type of contamination of raw materials
o Aflatoxin produced by mould Aspergillus flavus
• Man-made contaminants
o Herbicides, pesticides, hydrocarbons
Feed additives
• Medication – antibiotics, anticoccidials, insecticides, wormers
• Preservatives – antifungal
• Pigments – add color to skin and egg yolk
, Lecture 2: Nutrient Water
• Important component in nutrition
• Essential to sustain life
• Inexpensive
• 60-70% BW
• 10% water loss = serious illness, 15% water loss = death
Water sources
Primary - drinking
Secondary – free water in feedstuff
Tertiary – metabolic water
Quaternary – bound water
• Important sources differs among species, diet, habitat and ability to conserve body water
Function of water
• Body metabolism – solvent, transport medium, diluent, hydrolysis and oxidation
• Metabolic water
• bT regulation
• acid-base balance
• cushion for tissue cells and nervous system (shock protection)
Water absorption
• GIT (most sections)
• Net absorption
o Ruminants
▪ From rumen to omasum
▪ Net outflow of fluids (gastric secretion) in abomasum
o Other sp
▪ From ileum, jejunum, cecum and large gut
• Water absorbed and moisture in feces varies depending on sp and diet
Osmotic relationship in GIT
After meal, more solutes in digesta increase osmotic pressure
Water flow from cell into rumen and small gut
Mechanism allows body maintain optimum consistency of digesta in GIT
