GALEN NUR 242 MED SURG 2026 STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Hypovolemia (dehydration) s/s - ✔✔- INCREASED AND THREADY PULSE RATE
- dyspnea
- orthostatic hypotension
- flat neck veins and hand veins
- tenting of the skin
- diminished peripheral pulses
- decreased urine output
✔✔Hypovolemia causes - ✔✔- occurs when fluid intake is not sufficient to meet the fluid
needs of the body
- hemorrhage
- vomiting/diarrhea
- severe wounds
- diuretic therapy
- GI suctioning
- long-term NPO status
- fistulas
- ileostomy
- profuse diaphoresis
✔✔hypovolemia treatment - ✔✔- replace fluid volume and electrolytes, either oral or IV
- monitor for orthostatic hypotension
- fall precautions
✔✔Hypervolemia s/s - ✔✔- fluid intake EXCEEDS the fluid needs of the body
- bounding/increased pulse rate
- shallow rapid respirations
- distended neck veins and hand veins
- moist crackles
- pitting edema in dependent areas
- shortness of breath
✔✔Hypervolemia causes - ✔✔- excessive fluid replacement
- heart failure
- kidney failure
- long-term corticosteroid therapy
✔✔Hypervolemia treatment - ✔✔- restore normal fluid balance - administer diuretics as
ordered
- restrict fluid and sodium intake
- daily weights
- maintain skin integrity
, - assess lung sounds
✔✔Hyponatremia s/s - ✔✔- serum level less than 135
- confusion
- personality changes
- generalized skeletal muscle weakness
- rapid weak thready pulse
- orthostatic hypotension
- increased GI motility
✔✔Hyponatremia causes - ✔✔- excessive diaphoresis
- wound drainage
- low-salt diet
- NPO status
✔✔Hyponatremia treatment - ✔✔- restore serum sodium levels and monitor for signs for
fluid overload
- severe hyponatremia can be treated with hypertonic saline (3% saline solution) in
small amounts
- prevent falls due to decreased blood pressure
- increase oral sodium intake and restrict oral fluid intake
✔✔Hypernatremia s/s - ✔✔- muscle twitches
- skeletal muscle weakness
- extreme thirst
- decreased urinary output
- presence or absence of edema (depending on fluid volume changes)
- decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes (late)
✔✔Hypernatremia causes - ✔✔- serum level greater than 145
- corticosteroids
- excessive intake of sodium
- kidney failure
- watery diarrhea
- excessive IV solution containing sodium
✔✔Hypernatremia treatment - ✔✔- patient education regarding limiting daily sodium
intake (processed foods, bacon, ham, hot dogs, condiments, etc.)
✔✔Hypomagnesemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level less than 1.5
- anorexia
- nausea
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign
- tetany
- seizures
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Hypovolemia (dehydration) s/s - ✔✔- INCREASED AND THREADY PULSE RATE
- dyspnea
- orthostatic hypotension
- flat neck veins and hand veins
- tenting of the skin
- diminished peripheral pulses
- decreased urine output
✔✔Hypovolemia causes - ✔✔- occurs when fluid intake is not sufficient to meet the fluid
needs of the body
- hemorrhage
- vomiting/diarrhea
- severe wounds
- diuretic therapy
- GI suctioning
- long-term NPO status
- fistulas
- ileostomy
- profuse diaphoresis
✔✔hypovolemia treatment - ✔✔- replace fluid volume and electrolytes, either oral or IV
- monitor for orthostatic hypotension
- fall precautions
✔✔Hypervolemia s/s - ✔✔- fluid intake EXCEEDS the fluid needs of the body
- bounding/increased pulse rate
- shallow rapid respirations
- distended neck veins and hand veins
- moist crackles
- pitting edema in dependent areas
- shortness of breath
✔✔Hypervolemia causes - ✔✔- excessive fluid replacement
- heart failure
- kidney failure
- long-term corticosteroid therapy
✔✔Hypervolemia treatment - ✔✔- restore normal fluid balance - administer diuretics as
ordered
- restrict fluid and sodium intake
- daily weights
- maintain skin integrity
, - assess lung sounds
✔✔Hyponatremia s/s - ✔✔- serum level less than 135
- confusion
- personality changes
- generalized skeletal muscle weakness
- rapid weak thready pulse
- orthostatic hypotension
- increased GI motility
✔✔Hyponatremia causes - ✔✔- excessive diaphoresis
- wound drainage
- low-salt diet
- NPO status
✔✔Hyponatremia treatment - ✔✔- restore serum sodium levels and monitor for signs for
fluid overload
- severe hyponatremia can be treated with hypertonic saline (3% saline solution) in
small amounts
- prevent falls due to decreased blood pressure
- increase oral sodium intake and restrict oral fluid intake
✔✔Hypernatremia s/s - ✔✔- muscle twitches
- skeletal muscle weakness
- extreme thirst
- decreased urinary output
- presence or absence of edema (depending on fluid volume changes)
- decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes (late)
✔✔Hypernatremia causes - ✔✔- serum level greater than 145
- corticosteroids
- excessive intake of sodium
- kidney failure
- watery diarrhea
- excessive IV solution containing sodium
✔✔Hypernatremia treatment - ✔✔- patient education regarding limiting daily sodium
intake (processed foods, bacon, ham, hot dogs, condiments, etc.)
✔✔Hypomagnesemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level less than 1.5
- anorexia
- nausea
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign
- tetany
- seizures
