GALEN NUR 242 MED SURG CORE EXAM 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Hypernatremia causes - ✔✔- serum level greater than 145
- corticosteroids
- excessive intake of sodium
- kidney failure
- watery diarrhea
- excessive IV solution containing sodium
✔✔Hypernatremia treatment - ✔✔- patient education regarding limiting daily sodium
intake (processed foods, bacon, ham, hot dogs, condiments, etc.)
✔✔Hypomagnesemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level less than 1.5
- anorexia
- nausea
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign
- tetany
- seizures
✔✔Hypomagnesemia causes - ✔✔- malnutrition
- diarrhea
- Crohn's disease
- ethanol ingestion
- diuretics
✔✔Hypomagnesemia treatment - ✔✔- seizure precautions
- instruct patient to increase intake of magnesium-rich foods (avocados, milk, peanut
butter, raisins)
- Administer magnesium sulfate
✔✔hypermagnesemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level greater than 2.5
- bradycardia
- respiratory depression
- peripheral vasodilation
- hypotension
- EKG changes
- lethargy
- decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes
✔✔Hypermagnesemia causes - ✔✔- increased magnesium-containing antacids and
laxatives
- increased magnesium replacement
- decreased kidney excretion of magnesium due to kidney disease
, ✔✔Hypermagnesemia treatment - ✔✔- goal is to reduce magnesium levels and correct
the underlying problem that caused the imbalance
✔✔ Hypocalcemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level below 9
- painful muscle spasms in calf/foot during rest or sleep
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs
- parethesias, tingling, numbness
- WEAK THREADY HEART RATE that may be slower or faster than normal
✔✔Hypocalcemia causes - ✔✔- inadequate oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- malabsorption syndrome (Chrohn's disease)
- lactose intolerance
- ESKD
✔✔Hypocalcemia treatment - ✔✔- oral or IV calcium supplements
- seizure precautions
- Vitamin D to help with the absorption of calcium from the GI tract
✔✔Hypercalcemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level higher than 10.5
- severe muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes
- confusion
- lethargy
- INCREASED HR & BP
- severe prolonged - electrical conduction depression
- cyanosis, pallor
- blood clots
✔✔Hypercalcemia causes - ✔✔- excessive oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- use of thiazide diuretics
✔✔Hypercalcemia treatment - ✔✔- D/C thiazide diuretics and replace with diuretics that
enhance excretion of calcium (lasix/furosemide)
- administer IV fluids (0.9% NS)
- sodium increases kidney excretion of calcium
✔✔Hypokalemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level less than 3.5
- THREADY, WEAK, IRREGULAR PULSE
- orthostatic hypotension
- lethargy
- skeletal muscle weakness
- CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
✔✔Hypokalemia causes - ✔✔- Excessive use of diuretics, digitalis, corticosteroids
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Hypernatremia causes - ✔✔- serum level greater than 145
- corticosteroids
- excessive intake of sodium
- kidney failure
- watery diarrhea
- excessive IV solution containing sodium
✔✔Hypernatremia treatment - ✔✔- patient education regarding limiting daily sodium
intake (processed foods, bacon, ham, hot dogs, condiments, etc.)
✔✔Hypomagnesemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level less than 1.5
- anorexia
- nausea
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign
- tetany
- seizures
✔✔Hypomagnesemia causes - ✔✔- malnutrition
- diarrhea
- Crohn's disease
- ethanol ingestion
- diuretics
✔✔Hypomagnesemia treatment - ✔✔- seizure precautions
- instruct patient to increase intake of magnesium-rich foods (avocados, milk, peanut
butter, raisins)
- Administer magnesium sulfate
✔✔hypermagnesemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level greater than 2.5
- bradycardia
- respiratory depression
- peripheral vasodilation
- hypotension
- EKG changes
- lethargy
- decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes
✔✔Hypermagnesemia causes - ✔✔- increased magnesium-containing antacids and
laxatives
- increased magnesium replacement
- decreased kidney excretion of magnesium due to kidney disease
, ✔✔Hypermagnesemia treatment - ✔✔- goal is to reduce magnesium levels and correct
the underlying problem that caused the imbalance
✔✔ Hypocalcemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level below 9
- painful muscle spasms in calf/foot during rest or sleep
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs
- parethesias, tingling, numbness
- WEAK THREADY HEART RATE that may be slower or faster than normal
✔✔Hypocalcemia causes - ✔✔- inadequate oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- malabsorption syndrome (Chrohn's disease)
- lactose intolerance
- ESKD
✔✔Hypocalcemia treatment - ✔✔- oral or IV calcium supplements
- seizure precautions
- Vitamin D to help with the absorption of calcium from the GI tract
✔✔Hypercalcemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level higher than 10.5
- severe muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes
- confusion
- lethargy
- INCREASED HR & BP
- severe prolonged - electrical conduction depression
- cyanosis, pallor
- blood clots
✔✔Hypercalcemia causes - ✔✔- excessive oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- use of thiazide diuretics
✔✔Hypercalcemia treatment - ✔✔- D/C thiazide diuretics and replace with diuretics that
enhance excretion of calcium (lasix/furosemide)
- administer IV fluids (0.9% NS)
- sodium increases kidney excretion of calcium
✔✔Hypokalemia s/s - ✔✔- serum level less than 3.5
- THREADY, WEAK, IRREGULAR PULSE
- orthostatic hypotension
- lethargy
- skeletal muscle weakness
- CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
✔✔Hypokalemia causes - ✔✔- Excessive use of diuretics, digitalis, corticosteroids
