BIOD 331 Pathophysiology - Module
1 exam questions and correct
answers Latest version 2026
pathophysiology: not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the
effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and example: Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma,
burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and nutritional
excesses or deficiencies.
two types of risk factors: Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present at
birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth).
morphology: the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
histology: the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
symptom: a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness
sign: an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, or
changes in pupil size.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis: The diagnostic process requires a careful
1
, history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests
validity: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure
reliability: how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
sensitivity: the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
specificity: people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
epidemiology: the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age, race, dietary
habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
incidence: the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time
prevalence: the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
morbidity: the effect of an illness on one's life
mortality: statistics that deal with the cause of death in a population
primary prevention: to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking folic acid
while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent communicable
disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or
helmets.
2
1 exam questions and correct
answers Latest version 2026
pathophysiology: not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the
effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and example: Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma,
burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and nutritional
excesses or deficiencies.
two types of risk factors: Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present at
birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth).
morphology: the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
histology: the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
symptom: a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness
sign: an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, or
changes in pupil size.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis: The diagnostic process requires a careful
1
, history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests
validity: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure
reliability: how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
sensitivity: the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
specificity: people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
epidemiology: the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age, race, dietary
habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
incidence: the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time
prevalence: the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
morbidity: the effect of an illness on one's life
mortality: statistics that deal with the cause of death in a population
primary prevention: to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking folic acid
while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent communicable
disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or
helmets.
2
