Exam 1: NU606/ NU 606 (New 2026/
2027 Update) Advanced
Pathophysiology Guide| Qs & As|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate
Answers)
Risk - answer-Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a
stressor
Prevalence - answer-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of
having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of
disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease
existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - answer-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of
being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the
number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of
a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio - answer-The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times
one value contains or is contained within the other.
1
,Primary Prevention - answer-Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - answer-Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - answer-Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - answer-study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of
populations/people
Endemic - answer-A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - answer-When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
2
,Pandemic - answer-Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - answer-
Homeostasis - answer-A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular
ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - answer-Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a
prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - answer-"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively
regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - answer-Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or
altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - answer-Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory
stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - answer-Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
3
, Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - answer-
Endocrine Communication - answer-Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - answer-Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - answer-Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a
tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - answer-Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the
target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - answer-Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the
membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
4
2027 Update) Advanced
Pathophysiology Guide| Qs & As|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate
Answers)
Risk - answer-Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a
stressor
Prevalence - answer-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of
having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of
disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease
existing in a population divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence - answer-A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of
being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the
number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of
a disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio - answer-The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times
one value contains or is contained within the other.
1
,Primary Prevention - answer-Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention - answer-Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention - answer-Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology - answer-study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of
populations/people
Endemic - answer-A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic - answer-When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
2
,Pandemic - answer-Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* - answer-
Homeostasis - answer-A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular
ideal "set-point"
Exhausation - answer-Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a
prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Allostatic Overload - answer-"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively
regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Adaptation - answer-Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or
altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal - answer-Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory
stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - answer-Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
3
, Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* - answer-
Endocrine Communication - answer-Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - answer-Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - answer-Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a
tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - answer-Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the
target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - answer-Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the
membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
4
