NURS 615 Pharm Exam 1 – Maryville
Questions and Guide Answers
100% Verified Graded A+
1. How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing?
Answer: Low albumin = more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) = increased adverse
ettects
2. What is a Black Box Warning
Answer: is considered a contraindication to administer that drug.
3. What is the drugs half-life?
Answer: Half-life specifically means the amount of time it takes for an administered
drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
4. Peak of action
Answer: the time between drug administration and maximum concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best
therapeutic ettect.
,5. Duration of action
Answer: the time between onset of action and metabolism of drug below the minimum needed for an
ettect. The length of time you have the drug in your system.
6. According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process?
Answer: The first step is to define the patient's problem
7. The second step is to
Answer: specify the therapeutic objective
8. The third step is to
Answer: choose which drug or treatment is needed.
9. Step 4 of the WHO approach
Answer: Start the treatment
10. Step 5 of the WHO approach
Answer: Educate the patient
11. Step 6 of the WHO approach
Answer: Monitor the treatment
12. Phase 1 of drug development
Answer: The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
13. Phase 2 of drug development
Answer: trials with people who have the disease for which the drug is
,thought to be ettective
14. Phase 3 of drug development
Answer: Large numbers of patients in medical research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger
sampling provides information about infrequent or rare adverse ettects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if
phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
15. Phase 4 of drug development
Answer: This phase is voluntary and involves postmarket surveillance of the
drug's therapeutic ettects at the completion of phase 3. The pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and
other health care professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse ettects of the drug. Some medications, for
example, have been found to be toxic and have been removed from the market after their initial release.
16. Explain first pass metabolism
Answer: much of the drug is lost in the absorption process. The liver
metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
17. What is the fasted route of absorption
Answer: The fastest route of absorption is inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV
administration.
18. Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb?
Answer: The GI tract is lined with epithelial cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be
absorbed into the circulatory system.
, 19. What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug?
Answer: the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane.
Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small and uncharged solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is
ionized will attect its absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
20. What is solubility?
Answer: Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors neutral species. Some mole-cules have special
exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation.
21. Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes?
Answer: Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers,
muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
22. The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on
Answer: whether the drug
is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-
soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
23. As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with?
Answer: proteins such as
the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The portion of a drug that's bound to a
protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic ettect. Only the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to
be highly protein-bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Questions and Guide Answers
100% Verified Graded A+
1. How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing?
Answer: Low albumin = more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) = increased adverse
ettects
2. What is a Black Box Warning
Answer: is considered a contraindication to administer that drug.
3. What is the drugs half-life?
Answer: Half-life specifically means the amount of time it takes for an administered
drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
4. Peak of action
Answer: the time between drug administration and maximum concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best
therapeutic ettect.
,5. Duration of action
Answer: the time between onset of action and metabolism of drug below the minimum needed for an
ettect. The length of time you have the drug in your system.
6. According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process?
Answer: The first step is to define the patient's problem
7. The second step is to
Answer: specify the therapeutic objective
8. The third step is to
Answer: choose which drug or treatment is needed.
9. Step 4 of the WHO approach
Answer: Start the treatment
10. Step 5 of the WHO approach
Answer: Educate the patient
11. Step 6 of the WHO approach
Answer: Monitor the treatment
12. Phase 1 of drug development
Answer: The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
13. Phase 2 of drug development
Answer: trials with people who have the disease for which the drug is
,thought to be ettective
14. Phase 3 of drug development
Answer: Large numbers of patients in medical research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger
sampling provides information about infrequent or rare adverse ettects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if
phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
15. Phase 4 of drug development
Answer: This phase is voluntary and involves postmarket surveillance of the
drug's therapeutic ettects at the completion of phase 3. The pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and
other health care professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse ettects of the drug. Some medications, for
example, have been found to be toxic and have been removed from the market after their initial release.
16. Explain first pass metabolism
Answer: much of the drug is lost in the absorption process. The liver
metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
17. What is the fasted route of absorption
Answer: The fastest route of absorption is inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV
administration.
18. Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb?
Answer: The GI tract is lined with epithelial cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be
absorbed into the circulatory system.
, 19. What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug?
Answer: the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane.
Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small and uncharged solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is
ionized will attect its absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
20. What is solubility?
Answer: Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors neutral species. Some mole-cules have special
exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation.
21. Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes?
Answer: Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers,
muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
22. The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on
Answer: whether the drug
is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-
soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
23. As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with?
Answer: proteins such as
the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The portion of a drug that's bound to a
protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic ettect. Only the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to
be highly protein-bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
