NBEO Part 1 Exam | Questions and Answers |
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Terms in this set (255)
A 32-year old female is seen at your Isotretinoin, birth control pills, and diuretics, among
office complaining of a recent onset many other drugs, can cause myopia in some
of blurred vision, only at a distance. patients. Myopia mostly likely results from corneal
A thorough case history reveals that swelling, which steepens the curvature of the
she recently began taking a new cornea. Drugs that cause swelling of the lens,
medication which you correctly accommodative spasm, or edema of the ciliary
assume has induced myopia. Which body will also result in myopia. A reduction in the
of the following medications is MOST dose of the medication or cessation of the
likely to be the culprit? offending drug will usually result in reversal of
nearsightedness. Fish oil, Tylenol, and Tums have
not been shown to have a correlation with transient
myopia development.
,An increased rate of molecular Facilitated diffusion is described as the net
movement down its respective movement of molecules down its concentration
concentration gradient via help from gradient whose rate of diffusion is increased via the
carrier proteins refers to which type use of carrier proteins. Passive diffusion refers to
of transportation? the movement of molecules through a plasma
membrane from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration without the use of
carrier molecules. Active transport implies the
movement of material against its respective
concentration gradient. This type of transport
requires energy and enlists the use of specific
carrier proteins. Lastly, group translocation is
defined as the chemical modification of a molecule
while it is being transported into a cell; for
example, sugars are often phosphorylated during
transportation.
A 24-year old female patient Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers such
presents at your office complaining as Patanol (olopatadine) are commonly prescribed
of side effects that began when she to relieve the symptoms associated with ocular
started using Patanol to treat her allergies. They are a very effective class of
ocular allergies. She reports medication due to their dual action mechanisms.
complete compliance with her eye Topical antihistamines that possess this dual action
drop administration. Which of the are olopatadine (Patanol), ketotifen fumarate
following symptoms is MOST likely (Zaditor), azelastine (Optivar), and epinastine
associated with olopatadine (Elestat). The aforementioned drops serve to
(Patanol) use? alleviate itching and redness by blocking H1
receptors as well as inhibiting mast cell and
basophil degranulation. Side effects of topical
antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers include stinging
upon instillation, headaches, and adverse taste
(don't forget to inform your patients about punctual
occlusion!). Tachycardia, depression,
gastrointestinal discomfort, and visual
hallucinations have not been reported with Patanol
use.
,A 63-year old female is seen at your Sodium chloride is a topical hyperosmotic agent
office with a chief concern of blurry used to relieve stromal edema caused by
vision in the morning that takes endothelial decompensation. Topical steroids work
about an hour to resolve before she well to decrease swelling caused by inflammation.
can see clearly again. Biomicroscopy In the above case, the corneal edema is not
reveals endothelial guttata. You mitigated by an inflammatory response. Tobramycin
correctly diagnose her with and Vigamox would be of no benefit since there is
moderate Fuch's dystrophy. Which no active infection, and prescribing either of these
ophthalmic drop would be of MOST would only lead to corneal toxicity or increased
benefit to her? pathogen resistance over time.
A deficiency of which vitamin leads A deficiency of vitamin A causes prolonged dark
to prolonged dark adaptation? adaptation. Vitamin A is classified as a retinoid, and
its active form is retinol. Retinol is necessary for the
formation of rhodopsin, a pigment used by rods.
Rods are most active in situations with dim
illumination. Less rhodopsin results in fewer rods
being able to respond in low levels of light,
causing prolonged dark adaption.
+1.50-1.50 x 090 is required to A working distance of 50 cm creates a divergent
neutralize a reflex in retinoscopy wave of 2.00 D that is neutralized by retinoscopy in
with a working distance of 50 cm. addition to the patient's refractive error. Therefore,
What is the resulting NET + 2.00 D must be subtracted from the spherical
retinoscopy finding? portion of the findings. To determine how much to
subtract from the gross findings, one must first
calculate the reciprocal of the working distance in
meters. In our case, 1/0.5 = 2. Therefore +1.50 (the
spherical gross findings) -2 = -0.50-1.50 x 090.
Remember NET is the final result, this is found after
the working distance has been accounted for by
subtracting the working distance from the spherical
portion of the findings.
, A ray of light traveling in water Snell's law of refraction states that when light
(n=1.33) strikes a flat, transparent travels through a material that possesses an index
surface (n= 1.59) at an angle of 32 of refraction greater than 1.0, the light rays change
degrees from the normal. What is the direction and become bent (or refracted). Snell's
angle of refraction? law is depicted as the following: n sin i= n' sin i'
where n= the index of refraction of the first
medium, i= the angle of incidence, n'= the index of
the second medium, and i' = the angle of the
refracted ray. All angles are measured with respect
to the normal, which lies perpendicular to the
interface between the different media. For the
above example, 1.33(sin 32)=1.59 sin i', solving for i'=
26.31 degrees. It is important to commit the index
of refraction of water to memory; it is 1.33.
A central retinal artery occlusion A central retinal artery occlusion will cause a loss
(CRAO) causes tremendous damage of the b-wave which is formed by responses from
to the retina. How will the the bipolar and Muller cells, both of which are
electroretinogram (ERG) of a person nourished by the central retinal artery. The a-wave
who has suffered a CRAO be results from excitation of the photoreceptors. The
affected? a-wave will not be lost in the event of a CRAO due
to the fact that photoreceptors receive their
oxygen supply via the choroid.
Free radicals can cause severe The aqueous humor contains many electrolytes
damage to tissue. Which of the including Na+, K+ , Cl-, HCO3-, glucose, lactate,
following electrolytes can function amino acids, and ascorbate. Ascorbate is found in
as an antioxidant in the aqueous? high concentrations in the aqueous (20x greater
when compared to the concentration found in
plasma). Ascorbate can serve as an antioxidant to
eradicate free radicals reducing potential damage
from ultraviolet light. Interesting note: the aqueous
humor and tears of uncontrolled diabetics display
higher levels of glucose than those of non-
diabetics.
Verified Solutions | 2026 Edition | Pass
Guaranteed
Save
Terms in this set (255)
A 32-year old female is seen at your Isotretinoin, birth control pills, and diuretics, among
office complaining of a recent onset many other drugs, can cause myopia in some
of blurred vision, only at a distance. patients. Myopia mostly likely results from corneal
A thorough case history reveals that swelling, which steepens the curvature of the
she recently began taking a new cornea. Drugs that cause swelling of the lens,
medication which you correctly accommodative spasm, or edema of the ciliary
assume has induced myopia. Which body will also result in myopia. A reduction in the
of the following medications is MOST dose of the medication or cessation of the
likely to be the culprit? offending drug will usually result in reversal of
nearsightedness. Fish oil, Tylenol, and Tums have
not been shown to have a correlation with transient
myopia development.
,An increased rate of molecular Facilitated diffusion is described as the net
movement down its respective movement of molecules down its concentration
concentration gradient via help from gradient whose rate of diffusion is increased via the
carrier proteins refers to which type use of carrier proteins. Passive diffusion refers to
of transportation? the movement of molecules through a plasma
membrane from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration without the use of
carrier molecules. Active transport implies the
movement of material against its respective
concentration gradient. This type of transport
requires energy and enlists the use of specific
carrier proteins. Lastly, group translocation is
defined as the chemical modification of a molecule
while it is being transported into a cell; for
example, sugars are often phosphorylated during
transportation.
A 24-year old female patient Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers such
presents at your office complaining as Patanol (olopatadine) are commonly prescribed
of side effects that began when she to relieve the symptoms associated with ocular
started using Patanol to treat her allergies. They are a very effective class of
ocular allergies. She reports medication due to their dual action mechanisms.
complete compliance with her eye Topical antihistamines that possess this dual action
drop administration. Which of the are olopatadine (Patanol), ketotifen fumarate
following symptoms is MOST likely (Zaditor), azelastine (Optivar), and epinastine
associated with olopatadine (Elestat). The aforementioned drops serve to
(Patanol) use? alleviate itching and redness by blocking H1
receptors as well as inhibiting mast cell and
basophil degranulation. Side effects of topical
antihistamine/mast cell stabilizers include stinging
upon instillation, headaches, and adverse taste
(don't forget to inform your patients about punctual
occlusion!). Tachycardia, depression,
gastrointestinal discomfort, and visual
hallucinations have not been reported with Patanol
use.
,A 63-year old female is seen at your Sodium chloride is a topical hyperosmotic agent
office with a chief concern of blurry used to relieve stromal edema caused by
vision in the morning that takes endothelial decompensation. Topical steroids work
about an hour to resolve before she well to decrease swelling caused by inflammation.
can see clearly again. Biomicroscopy In the above case, the corneal edema is not
reveals endothelial guttata. You mitigated by an inflammatory response. Tobramycin
correctly diagnose her with and Vigamox would be of no benefit since there is
moderate Fuch's dystrophy. Which no active infection, and prescribing either of these
ophthalmic drop would be of MOST would only lead to corneal toxicity or increased
benefit to her? pathogen resistance over time.
A deficiency of which vitamin leads A deficiency of vitamin A causes prolonged dark
to prolonged dark adaptation? adaptation. Vitamin A is classified as a retinoid, and
its active form is retinol. Retinol is necessary for the
formation of rhodopsin, a pigment used by rods.
Rods are most active in situations with dim
illumination. Less rhodopsin results in fewer rods
being able to respond in low levels of light,
causing prolonged dark adaption.
+1.50-1.50 x 090 is required to A working distance of 50 cm creates a divergent
neutralize a reflex in retinoscopy wave of 2.00 D that is neutralized by retinoscopy in
with a working distance of 50 cm. addition to the patient's refractive error. Therefore,
What is the resulting NET + 2.00 D must be subtracted from the spherical
retinoscopy finding? portion of the findings. To determine how much to
subtract from the gross findings, one must first
calculate the reciprocal of the working distance in
meters. In our case, 1/0.5 = 2. Therefore +1.50 (the
spherical gross findings) -2 = -0.50-1.50 x 090.
Remember NET is the final result, this is found after
the working distance has been accounted for by
subtracting the working distance from the spherical
portion of the findings.
, A ray of light traveling in water Snell's law of refraction states that when light
(n=1.33) strikes a flat, transparent travels through a material that possesses an index
surface (n= 1.59) at an angle of 32 of refraction greater than 1.0, the light rays change
degrees from the normal. What is the direction and become bent (or refracted). Snell's
angle of refraction? law is depicted as the following: n sin i= n' sin i'
where n= the index of refraction of the first
medium, i= the angle of incidence, n'= the index of
the second medium, and i' = the angle of the
refracted ray. All angles are measured with respect
to the normal, which lies perpendicular to the
interface between the different media. For the
above example, 1.33(sin 32)=1.59 sin i', solving for i'=
26.31 degrees. It is important to commit the index
of refraction of water to memory; it is 1.33.
A central retinal artery occlusion A central retinal artery occlusion will cause a loss
(CRAO) causes tremendous damage of the b-wave which is formed by responses from
to the retina. How will the the bipolar and Muller cells, both of which are
electroretinogram (ERG) of a person nourished by the central retinal artery. The a-wave
who has suffered a CRAO be results from excitation of the photoreceptors. The
affected? a-wave will not be lost in the event of a CRAO due
to the fact that photoreceptors receive their
oxygen supply via the choroid.
Free radicals can cause severe The aqueous humor contains many electrolytes
damage to tissue. Which of the including Na+, K+ , Cl-, HCO3-, glucose, lactate,
following electrolytes can function amino acids, and ascorbate. Ascorbate is found in
as an antioxidant in the aqueous? high concentrations in the aqueous (20x greater
when compared to the concentration found in
plasma). Ascorbate can serve as an antioxidant to
eradicate free radicals reducing potential damage
from ultraviolet light. Interesting note: the aqueous
humor and tears of uncontrolled diabetics display
higher levels of glucose than those of non-
diabetics.
