SAMENVATTING:
Emerging Technologies
for Businesses
SEM 1
Handelswetenschappen I 2e BACH
AJ 2025-2026
Prof. van Looy
Academisch jaar 2025–2026
Dit document is een onafhankelijke samenvatting, opgesteld door een student op basis van persoonlijke notities en
studiemateriaal (academiejaar 2024-2025). Deze tekst is op geen enkele wijze officieel verbonden aan, goedgekeurd door,
of uitgegeven door de Universiteit Gent (UGent) of de betrokken professoren. Het document is uitsluitend bedoeld als
aanvulling. Hoewel deze samenvatting met de grootste zorg is samengesteld, kan de auteur niet aansprakelijk worden
gesteld voor eventuele fouten, onvolledigheden of afwijkingen van de leerstof voor het examen.
,12-1-2026 Emerging Technologies for Business
Inhoudstafel
1 INTRODUCTION TO A DIGITAL ECONOMY ...............................................................................16
1.1 THE RISE OF A DIGITAL ECONOMY ...............................................................................................16
1.2 DEFINING THE DIGI-RELATED CONCEPTS IN A DIGITAL ECONOMY ........................................................16
1.2.1 DIFFERENTIATING IT FROM A DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................... 16
1.2.2 DIFFERENTIATING DIGITAL INNOVATIONS ......................................................................................... 16
1.3 CENTRAL ROLE OF A DIGITAL BUSINESS MODEL ..............................................................................17
1.3.1 DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ......................................................................................................... 17
1.3.2 BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION ...................................................................................................... 18
1.3.3 BUSINESS MODEL THINKING ......................................................................................................... 18
1.3.4 TESTING BUSINESS MODELS – DFV CRITERIA ................................................................................... 18
1.3.5 FOUR VALUE TYPES ..................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.6 VALUE TYPES & BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS ..................................................................................... 19
1.4 AGILITY AS A NEW WAY OF WORKING..........................................................................................21
1.4.1 AGILE MANIFESTO (CORE EXAM POINTS) ......................................................................................... 21
1.4.2 SCRUM (AGILE COLLABORATION PRACTICE) ...................................................................................... 21
1.4.3 LEAN START-UPS, KANBAN, MVP .................................................................................................. 21
2 THEORIES OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND ACCEPTANCE .....................................................22
2.1 TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM) — DAVIS ET AL. (1989) ...................................................22
2.1.1 CORE VARIABLES ......................................................................................................................... 22
2.2 UNIFIED THEORY ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY (UTAUT) — VENKATESH ET AL. (2012) ...........22
2.3 TECHNOLOGY-ORGANIZATION-ENVIRONMENT FRAMEWORK (TOE) — DEPIETRO ET AL. (1990) ..............22
2.4 DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS — ROGERS (2003) ............................................................................23
2.4.1 ADOPTER CATEGORIES .................................................................................................................. 23
2.5 TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION / HYPE CYCLE — GARTNER (1995) .......................................................23
2.5.1 PHASES:..................................................................................................................................... 23
2.6 SELECTION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THIS COURSE ....................................................................23
2.6.1 THE 7 TECHNOLOGIES STUDIES: ...................................................................................................... 24
2.7 COURSE PER TECHNOLOGY .........................................................................................................24
2.7.1 PART A — TECHNOLOGY PASSPORT ............................................................................................... 24
2.7.2 PART B — TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION CASE ....................................................................................... 24
3 BUSINESS MODELS IN A DIGITAL ECONOMY............................................................................24
4 THE RISE OF A DIGITAL ECONOMY...........................................................................................25
4.1 FROM INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS TO A DIGITAL ECONOMY ...............................................................25
4.2 INDUSTRY 4.0 .........................................................................................................................25
4.2.1 ORIGIN ...................................................................................................................................... 25
4.2.2 ORIGINAL MEANING ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.2.3 CURRENT MEANING ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.2.4 EXAMPLES .................................................................................................................................. 25
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,12-1-2026 Emerging Technologies for Business
4.3 INDUSTRY 5.0 (CONCEPTUAL EXTENSION) ......................................................................................25
4.4 ENERGY & INFRASTRUCTURE REALITY ...........................................................................................26
5 SCOPE OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY (VERY IMPORTANT!)..........................................................26
5.1 THREE NESTED LAYERS ...............................................................................................................26
5.1.1 DIGITAL IT SECTORS ..................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.2 DIGITAL ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.3 DIGITALIZED ECONOMY................................................................................................................. 26
6 WHY ORGANIZATIONS NEED NEW BUSINESS MODELS ............................................................26
6.1 CHANGING CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS..........................................................................................26
6.2 EX-CONOMY CHARACTERISTICS (VLERICK, 2014) ............................................................................27
7 DEFINING DIGI-RELATED CONCEPT (CORE THEORY BLOCK)......................................................27
7.1 IT CS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................................................27
7.1.1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT / ICT) ........................................................................................... 27
7.1.2 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY: ................................................................................................................. 27
7.2 DIGITAL INNOVATION (UMBRELLA CONCEPT) .................................................................................27
7.3 THREE GRADATIONS OF DIGITAL INNOVATION (HIGHLY LIKELY EXAM SUBJECT) ......................................27
7.3.1 DIGITIZATION.............................................................................................................................. 27
7.3.2 DIGITALIZATION .......................................................................................................................... 27
7.3.3 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION........................................................................................................... 28
7.3.4 RECAP ....................................................................................................................................... 28
7.4 DRIVERS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION .......................................................................................28
7.5 IMPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ................................................................................28
7.6 REGULATION AS A CONSTRAINT...................................................................................................28
8 CENTRAL ROLE OF THE DIGITAL BUSINESS MODEL ..................................................................29
8.1 WHY BUSINESS MODELS MATTER ...............................................................................................29
8.2 BUSINESS MODEL VS PROCESS VS OUTCOME .................................................................................29
8.3 DEFINITION OF A BUSINESS MODEL ..............................................................................................29
8.3.1 THREE DIMENSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 29
9 VALUE AND VALUE TYPES .......................................................................................................29
9.1 VALUE PYRAMID ......................................................................................................................29
9.2 VALUE PROPOSITIONS ...............................................................................................................30
10 BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS (OSTERWALDER) .........................................................................30
10.1 PURPOSE..............................................................................................................................30
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, 12-1-2026 Emerging Technologies for Business
10.2 THE NINE BUILDING BLOCKS.....................................................................................................30
11 THE “SWEET SPOT” OF INNOVATION (CORE CONCEPT) .........................................................31
11.1 TESTING A DIGITAL BUSINESS MODEL .........................................................................................31
11.1.1 DESIRABILITY ............................................................................................................................ 31
11.1.2 FEASIBILITY .............................................................................................................................. 32
11.1.3 VIABILITY ................................................................................................................................. 32
12 ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES............................................................................................32
13 WHY PROCESS MANAGEMENT? ............................................................................................32
14 OMNIPRENSENCE OF PROCESSES IN ORGANIZATIONS ..........................................................32
15 WHAT IS A BUSINESS PROCESS? (DUMAS ET AL., 2018) .........................................................33
15.1 NAMING RULE .......................................................................................................................33
16 CORE FEATURES OF BUSINESS PROCESSES ............................................................................33
17 PROCESS HIERARCHY (ZOOMING IN AND OUT) .....................................................................34
18 TYPES OF BUSINESS PROCESSES ............................................................................................34
18.1 THREE PROCESS TYPES .............................................................................................................34
18.2 VALUE PERSPECTIVE (LEAN LOGIC) .............................................................................................34
19 ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF BPM ............................................................................................34
19.1 ADAM SMITH (1776) .............................................................................................................34
19.2 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (TAYLOR, 1900S) ...............................................................................35
19.3 LATE BIRTH OF PROCESS THINKING (LATE 1980S-1990S) ...............................................................35
19.4 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING (BPR) .................................................................................35
19.5 BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT (BPI) — HARRINGTON .............................................................35
19.6 X-ENGINEERING (EARLY 2000S) ................................................................................................36
19.7 MODERN BPM TODAY ............................................................................................................36
20 WHAT IS BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT (BPM)? ............................................................36
20.1 DEFINITION — (DUMAS ET AL.).................................................................................................36
20.2 BPM ROLES AND STAKEHOLDERS ..............................................................................................36
20.3 OPERATIONAL BPM ROLES ......................................................................................................36
Pagina | 3
Emerging Technologies
for Businesses
SEM 1
Handelswetenschappen I 2e BACH
AJ 2025-2026
Prof. van Looy
Academisch jaar 2025–2026
Dit document is een onafhankelijke samenvatting, opgesteld door een student op basis van persoonlijke notities en
studiemateriaal (academiejaar 2024-2025). Deze tekst is op geen enkele wijze officieel verbonden aan, goedgekeurd door,
of uitgegeven door de Universiteit Gent (UGent) of de betrokken professoren. Het document is uitsluitend bedoeld als
aanvulling. Hoewel deze samenvatting met de grootste zorg is samengesteld, kan de auteur niet aansprakelijk worden
gesteld voor eventuele fouten, onvolledigheden of afwijkingen van de leerstof voor het examen.
,12-1-2026 Emerging Technologies for Business
Inhoudstafel
1 INTRODUCTION TO A DIGITAL ECONOMY ...............................................................................16
1.1 THE RISE OF A DIGITAL ECONOMY ...............................................................................................16
1.2 DEFINING THE DIGI-RELATED CONCEPTS IN A DIGITAL ECONOMY ........................................................16
1.2.1 DIFFERENTIATING IT FROM A DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................... 16
1.2.2 DIFFERENTIATING DIGITAL INNOVATIONS ......................................................................................... 16
1.3 CENTRAL ROLE OF A DIGITAL BUSINESS MODEL ..............................................................................17
1.3.1 DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ......................................................................................................... 17
1.3.2 BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION ...................................................................................................... 18
1.3.3 BUSINESS MODEL THINKING ......................................................................................................... 18
1.3.4 TESTING BUSINESS MODELS – DFV CRITERIA ................................................................................... 18
1.3.5 FOUR VALUE TYPES ..................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.6 VALUE TYPES & BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS ..................................................................................... 19
1.4 AGILITY AS A NEW WAY OF WORKING..........................................................................................21
1.4.1 AGILE MANIFESTO (CORE EXAM POINTS) ......................................................................................... 21
1.4.2 SCRUM (AGILE COLLABORATION PRACTICE) ...................................................................................... 21
1.4.3 LEAN START-UPS, KANBAN, MVP .................................................................................................. 21
2 THEORIES OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND ACCEPTANCE .....................................................22
2.1 TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM) — DAVIS ET AL. (1989) ...................................................22
2.1.1 CORE VARIABLES ......................................................................................................................... 22
2.2 UNIFIED THEORY ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY (UTAUT) — VENKATESH ET AL. (2012) ...........22
2.3 TECHNOLOGY-ORGANIZATION-ENVIRONMENT FRAMEWORK (TOE) — DEPIETRO ET AL. (1990) ..............22
2.4 DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS — ROGERS (2003) ............................................................................23
2.4.1 ADOPTER CATEGORIES .................................................................................................................. 23
2.5 TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION / HYPE CYCLE — GARTNER (1995) .......................................................23
2.5.1 PHASES:..................................................................................................................................... 23
2.6 SELECTION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THIS COURSE ....................................................................23
2.6.1 THE 7 TECHNOLOGIES STUDIES: ...................................................................................................... 24
2.7 COURSE PER TECHNOLOGY .........................................................................................................24
2.7.1 PART A — TECHNOLOGY PASSPORT ............................................................................................... 24
2.7.2 PART B — TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION CASE ....................................................................................... 24
3 BUSINESS MODELS IN A DIGITAL ECONOMY............................................................................24
4 THE RISE OF A DIGITAL ECONOMY...........................................................................................25
4.1 FROM INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS TO A DIGITAL ECONOMY ...............................................................25
4.2 INDUSTRY 4.0 .........................................................................................................................25
4.2.1 ORIGIN ...................................................................................................................................... 25
4.2.2 ORIGINAL MEANING ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.2.3 CURRENT MEANING ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.2.4 EXAMPLES .................................................................................................................................. 25
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,12-1-2026 Emerging Technologies for Business
4.3 INDUSTRY 5.0 (CONCEPTUAL EXTENSION) ......................................................................................25
4.4 ENERGY & INFRASTRUCTURE REALITY ...........................................................................................26
5 SCOPE OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY (VERY IMPORTANT!)..........................................................26
5.1 THREE NESTED LAYERS ...............................................................................................................26
5.1.1 DIGITAL IT SECTORS ..................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.2 DIGITAL ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.3 DIGITALIZED ECONOMY................................................................................................................. 26
6 WHY ORGANIZATIONS NEED NEW BUSINESS MODELS ............................................................26
6.1 CHANGING CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS..........................................................................................26
6.2 EX-CONOMY CHARACTERISTICS (VLERICK, 2014) ............................................................................27
7 DEFINING DIGI-RELATED CONCEPT (CORE THEORY BLOCK)......................................................27
7.1 IT CS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................................................27
7.1.1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT / ICT) ........................................................................................... 27
7.1.2 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY: ................................................................................................................. 27
7.2 DIGITAL INNOVATION (UMBRELLA CONCEPT) .................................................................................27
7.3 THREE GRADATIONS OF DIGITAL INNOVATION (HIGHLY LIKELY EXAM SUBJECT) ......................................27
7.3.1 DIGITIZATION.............................................................................................................................. 27
7.3.2 DIGITALIZATION .......................................................................................................................... 27
7.3.3 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION........................................................................................................... 28
7.3.4 RECAP ....................................................................................................................................... 28
7.4 DRIVERS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION .......................................................................................28
7.5 IMPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION ................................................................................28
7.6 REGULATION AS A CONSTRAINT...................................................................................................28
8 CENTRAL ROLE OF THE DIGITAL BUSINESS MODEL ..................................................................29
8.1 WHY BUSINESS MODELS MATTER ...............................................................................................29
8.2 BUSINESS MODEL VS PROCESS VS OUTCOME .................................................................................29
8.3 DEFINITION OF A BUSINESS MODEL ..............................................................................................29
8.3.1 THREE DIMENSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 29
9 VALUE AND VALUE TYPES .......................................................................................................29
9.1 VALUE PYRAMID ......................................................................................................................29
9.2 VALUE PROPOSITIONS ...............................................................................................................30
10 BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS (OSTERWALDER) .........................................................................30
10.1 PURPOSE..............................................................................................................................30
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, 12-1-2026 Emerging Technologies for Business
10.2 THE NINE BUILDING BLOCKS.....................................................................................................30
11 THE “SWEET SPOT” OF INNOVATION (CORE CONCEPT) .........................................................31
11.1 TESTING A DIGITAL BUSINESS MODEL .........................................................................................31
11.1.1 DESIRABILITY ............................................................................................................................ 31
11.1.2 FEASIBILITY .............................................................................................................................. 32
11.1.3 VIABILITY ................................................................................................................................. 32
12 ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES............................................................................................32
13 WHY PROCESS MANAGEMENT? ............................................................................................32
14 OMNIPRENSENCE OF PROCESSES IN ORGANIZATIONS ..........................................................32
15 WHAT IS A BUSINESS PROCESS? (DUMAS ET AL., 2018) .........................................................33
15.1 NAMING RULE .......................................................................................................................33
16 CORE FEATURES OF BUSINESS PROCESSES ............................................................................33
17 PROCESS HIERARCHY (ZOOMING IN AND OUT) .....................................................................34
18 TYPES OF BUSINESS PROCESSES ............................................................................................34
18.1 THREE PROCESS TYPES .............................................................................................................34
18.2 VALUE PERSPECTIVE (LEAN LOGIC) .............................................................................................34
19 ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF BPM ............................................................................................34
19.1 ADAM SMITH (1776) .............................................................................................................34
19.2 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (TAYLOR, 1900S) ...............................................................................35
19.3 LATE BIRTH OF PROCESS THINKING (LATE 1980S-1990S) ...............................................................35
19.4 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING (BPR) .................................................................................35
19.5 BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT (BPI) — HARRINGTON .............................................................35
19.6 X-ENGINEERING (EARLY 2000S) ................................................................................................36
19.7 MODERN BPM TODAY ............................................................................................................36
20 WHAT IS BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT (BPM)? ............................................................36
20.1 DEFINITION — (DUMAS ET AL.).................................................................................................36
20.2 BPM ROLES AND STAKEHOLDERS ..............................................................................................36
20.3 OPERATIONAL BPM ROLES ......................................................................................................36
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