Samenvatting MAPD – Exam 1
Lecture 1: MAPD-intro
Prevalence NEMESIS-3:
Lifetime prevalence:
48% of people in the Netherlands suffer from an anxiety or mood disorder at some point in
their lives.
12-months prevalence:
One in four respondents met the criteria for any disorder in the 12 months before the
interview.
Prevalence NEMESIS-3 population based:
Lifetime prevalence:
• Mood and anxiety disorders were the most prevalent disorder categories (27.6% and
28.6%, respectively)
• Followed by substance use disorders (16.7%) and ADHD (3.6%).
• The most prevalent specific disorders were major depressive disorder (24.9%), social
phobia (13.1%), specific phobia (11.8%) and alcohol use disorder (12.8%).
12-months prevalence:
• The most prevalent disorder category was anxiety disorders (15.2%).
• Followed by mood disorders (9.8%), substance use disorders (7.1%) and ADHD
(3.2%).
Higher risk for 12-month DSM-5 disorder:
• Younger age, Gender (females had greater risk), living alone, being unemployed, low
education, lower income and higher degree of urbanization.
There is a significant increase since 2007!
With a drastic increase in the 12-month prevalence:
2007:
- 17% met the criteria for any disorder in the 12 months before the interview.
2020:
- 26% respondents met the criteria for any disorder in the 12 months before the
interview.
,With a drastic increase in the lifetime prevalence:
2007:
- 20% of people in the Netherlands suffer from an anxiety or mood disorder at some
point in their lives.
2020:
- 48% of people in the Netherlands suffer from an anxiety or mood disorder at some
point in their lives.
Proposed reasons for increase in Mental Health problems:
- Individualization.
- Social media.
- Increased pressure to succeed.
- Housing.
- More recognition/acceptance of mental disorders/less stigma.
Psychosis prevalence:
• 8% psychotic experiences
• 4% psychotic symptoms
• 2-3% psychotic disorder
• 0.06-0.7% diagnoses schizophrenia
Mood and Anxiety:
• “Internalizing disorders” or “emotional disorders” → meaning that the problems are
mostly within the person.
• High comorbidity: Comorbidity was the rule in over ¾ of subjects with depressive
and/or anxiety disorders, most often preceded (voorafgaand) by an anxiety disorder.
• Response to the same treatments
• Many transdiagnostic processes → meaning that different disorders have the same
causes:
o Genetics
o Brain, neurotransmitters
o Cognitive emotional learning
o Thinking (e.g., negative repetitive, intrusive)
o Youth and upbringing
o Interpersonal processes
• High comorbidity between generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder
,Transdiagnostic processes:
Definitie: Onderliggende mechanismen die symptomen van verschillende diagnoses met
elkaar verbinden. De symptomen zijn niet specifiek voor één diagnose, maar spelen een rol bij
verschillende stoornissen zoals depressie, angststoornissen
Rol in klinische psychologie:
- Uitleg van comorbiditeit.
- Gerichte interventies → Symptoom/netwerk interventies.
Hoe te identificeren:
1. Brugsymptomen: Dit zijn symptomen die deel uitmaken van meerdere stoornissen.
2. Causale verbanden: tussen symptomen.
3. Extern field: Factoren die niet in het symptoomnetwerk zelf zitten maar het wel
beïnvloeden, zoals stressvolle levensgebeurtenissen, ontstekingen, chronische pijn of
sociaal-economische druk.
Theory and models:
- Data: Observations in clinical practice that a lot of people with depression ruminate.
- Phenomena: Many people with depression ruminate.
- Theory: Cognition influences mood?
- Theory explains phenomena, and you can predict the data with phenomena.
In psychology we often skip the mathematical analysis and simulation. Also, the theories are
often vague.
, Theory that works:
Formalization is novel step within psychology:
Legt uit hoe psychologisch onderzoek
idealiter zou moeten werken door een
formele, gestructureerde methode te
volgen. Het is een "nieuwe stap" omdat
psychologie zich lang vooral richtte op
verbale beschrijvingen.
Paul Meehl:
Psychological theories tend to be formulated so vaguely or abstractly that it is difficult to
falsify or test them.
Lecture 1: MAPD-intro
Prevalence NEMESIS-3:
Lifetime prevalence:
48% of people in the Netherlands suffer from an anxiety or mood disorder at some point in
their lives.
12-months prevalence:
One in four respondents met the criteria for any disorder in the 12 months before the
interview.
Prevalence NEMESIS-3 population based:
Lifetime prevalence:
• Mood and anxiety disorders were the most prevalent disorder categories (27.6% and
28.6%, respectively)
• Followed by substance use disorders (16.7%) and ADHD (3.6%).
• The most prevalent specific disorders were major depressive disorder (24.9%), social
phobia (13.1%), specific phobia (11.8%) and alcohol use disorder (12.8%).
12-months prevalence:
• The most prevalent disorder category was anxiety disorders (15.2%).
• Followed by mood disorders (9.8%), substance use disorders (7.1%) and ADHD
(3.2%).
Higher risk for 12-month DSM-5 disorder:
• Younger age, Gender (females had greater risk), living alone, being unemployed, low
education, lower income and higher degree of urbanization.
There is a significant increase since 2007!
With a drastic increase in the 12-month prevalence:
2007:
- 17% met the criteria for any disorder in the 12 months before the interview.
2020:
- 26% respondents met the criteria for any disorder in the 12 months before the
interview.
,With a drastic increase in the lifetime prevalence:
2007:
- 20% of people in the Netherlands suffer from an anxiety or mood disorder at some
point in their lives.
2020:
- 48% of people in the Netherlands suffer from an anxiety or mood disorder at some
point in their lives.
Proposed reasons for increase in Mental Health problems:
- Individualization.
- Social media.
- Increased pressure to succeed.
- Housing.
- More recognition/acceptance of mental disorders/less stigma.
Psychosis prevalence:
• 8% psychotic experiences
• 4% psychotic symptoms
• 2-3% psychotic disorder
• 0.06-0.7% diagnoses schizophrenia
Mood and Anxiety:
• “Internalizing disorders” or “emotional disorders” → meaning that the problems are
mostly within the person.
• High comorbidity: Comorbidity was the rule in over ¾ of subjects with depressive
and/or anxiety disorders, most often preceded (voorafgaand) by an anxiety disorder.
• Response to the same treatments
• Many transdiagnostic processes → meaning that different disorders have the same
causes:
o Genetics
o Brain, neurotransmitters
o Cognitive emotional learning
o Thinking (e.g., negative repetitive, intrusive)
o Youth and upbringing
o Interpersonal processes
• High comorbidity between generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder
,Transdiagnostic processes:
Definitie: Onderliggende mechanismen die symptomen van verschillende diagnoses met
elkaar verbinden. De symptomen zijn niet specifiek voor één diagnose, maar spelen een rol bij
verschillende stoornissen zoals depressie, angststoornissen
Rol in klinische psychologie:
- Uitleg van comorbiditeit.
- Gerichte interventies → Symptoom/netwerk interventies.
Hoe te identificeren:
1. Brugsymptomen: Dit zijn symptomen die deel uitmaken van meerdere stoornissen.
2. Causale verbanden: tussen symptomen.
3. Extern field: Factoren die niet in het symptoomnetwerk zelf zitten maar het wel
beïnvloeden, zoals stressvolle levensgebeurtenissen, ontstekingen, chronische pijn of
sociaal-economische druk.
Theory and models:
- Data: Observations in clinical practice that a lot of people with depression ruminate.
- Phenomena: Many people with depression ruminate.
- Theory: Cognition influences mood?
- Theory explains phenomena, and you can predict the data with phenomena.
In psychology we often skip the mathematical analysis and simulation. Also, the theories are
often vague.
, Theory that works:
Formalization is novel step within psychology:
Legt uit hoe psychologisch onderzoek
idealiter zou moeten werken door een
formele, gestructureerde methode te
volgen. Het is een "nieuwe stap" omdat
psychologie zich lang vooral richtte op
verbale beschrijvingen.
Paul Meehl:
Psychological theories tend to be formulated so vaguely or abstractly that it is difficult to
falsify or test them.
