NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA
Exam 1 Questions and Answers (2026) | Real
Practice Questions | Verified Answers | A+
• Atrophy. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
• Hypertrophy. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
• Hyperplasia. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
• Dysplasia. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Cells change in size, shape,
organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
• Metaplasia. CORRECT ANSWER: E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke
• Hypoxia injury. CORRECT ANSWER: E. inadequate oxygenation of
tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
, • Free radical and ROS. CORRECT ANSWER: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Ethanol. CORRECT ANSWER: E. mood altering drug, long term effects
on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
• Oncosis. CORRECT ANSWER: Na and H2O enter cell and cause
swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale.
Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
• Fatty Infiltration. CORRECT ANSWER: intracellular accumulation of lipids
in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead
to cirrhosis
• dystrophic calcification. CORRECT ANSWER: accumulation of Ca in
dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
• metastatic calcification. CORRECT ANSWER: accumulation of Ca in
normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
• urate accumulation. CORRECT ANSWER: sodium urate crystals are
deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute
arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
• Coagulative Necrosis. CORRECT ANSWER: kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Exam 1 Questions and Answers (2026) | Real
Practice Questions | Verified Answers | A+
• Atrophy. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse
• Hypertrophy. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Increase in cell size
P. Increased workload
Physiologic: weightlifting
Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN
• Hyperplasia. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Increase in cell number
P. Increased cellular division
Physiologic: liver regeneration
Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones
• Dysplasia. CORRECT ANSWER: E. Cells change in size, shape,
organization
P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV
• Metaplasia. CORRECT ANSWER: E. one cell type replaced with another
P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke
• Hypoxia injury. CORRECT ANSWER: E. inadequate oxygenation of
tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
, • Free radical and ROS. CORRECT ANSWER: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Ethanol. CORRECT ANSWER: E. mood altering drug, long term effects
on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
• Oncosis. CORRECT ANSWER: Na and H2O enter cell and cause
swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale.
Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
• Fatty Infiltration. CORRECT ANSWER: intracellular accumulation of lipids
in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead
to cirrhosis
• dystrophic calcification. CORRECT ANSWER: accumulation of Ca in
dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
• metastatic calcification. CORRECT ANSWER: accumulation of Ca in
normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
• urate accumulation. CORRECT ANSWER: sodium urate crystals are
deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute
arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
• Coagulative Necrosis. CORRECT ANSWER: kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
