NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA
Exam 1 Questions and Answers (2026) |
Complete Review | 100% Verified Responses
| A+
• How are free radicals produced? -✓✓1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
• What is the body's defense against ROS? -✓✓Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
• action potential -✓✓Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
• Threshold potential -✓✓Point at which depolarization must reach in order
to initiate an action potential
• Hypokalemia and action potentials -✓✓HYPERpolarized (more negative,
ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness,
smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
• Hyperkalemia and action potentials -✓✓HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
• Hypocalcemia and action potentials -✓✓Increased permeability to Na+.
More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
• Hypercalcemia and action potentials -✓✓Decreased permeability to Na+.
Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
, • Atrophy -✓✓Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once
the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased
blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
and may lead to cellular death.
• Atrophy examples -✓✓Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland
during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
• Hypertrophy -✓✓Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional
demand.
• Hypertrophy examples -✓✓physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy
when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload
in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
• Hyperplasia -✓✓Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell
division).
• Hyperplasia examples -✓✓1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia
of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus
and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
• Dysplasia -✓✓abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Exam 1 Questions and Answers (2026) |
Complete Review | 100% Verified Responses
| A+
• How are free radicals produced? -✓✓1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
• What is the body's defense against ROS? -✓✓Antioxidants (Vitamin E,
Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
• action potential -✓✓Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the
neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
• Threshold potential -✓✓Point at which depolarization must reach in order
to initiate an action potential
• Hypokalemia and action potentials -✓✓HYPERpolarized (more negative,
ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness,
smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias
• Hyperkalemia and action potentials -✓✓HYPOpolarized (more positive,
ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
• Hypocalcemia and action potentials -✓✓Increased permeability to Na+.
More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias.
• Hypercalcemia and action potentials -✓✓Decreased permeability to Na+.
Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves
, • Atrophy -✓✓Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once
the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased
blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has
achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function
and may lead to cellular death.
• Atrophy examples -✓✓Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland
during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
• Hypertrophy -✓✓Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in
size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional
demand.
• Hypertrophy examples -✓✓physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy
when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is
surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload
in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
• Hyperplasia -✓✓Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased
rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell
division).
• Hyperplasia examples -✓✓1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia
of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus
and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
• Dysplasia -✓✓abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
