Sociologisch
perspectief op
Periode 1 2024
criminaliteit
Hoorcolleges
Voorderhake, E. (Eline)
RADBOUD UNIVERSITEIT
,Inhoudsopgave
HC 1 – INLEIDING (03-09)................................................................................5
INHOUDELIJKE INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................... 5
Sociologisch perspectief.............................................................................................. 5
WAT IS CRIMINALITEIT........................................................................................................... 5
Wettelijke definitie...................................................................................................... 5
Consensus-benadering................................................................................................ 6
Conflictbenadering...................................................................................................... 8
Hedendaagse benadering........................................................................................... 8
Integratieve benaderingen: Pyramide/ prisma criminaliteit.........................................9
CRIMES OF THE POWERLESS, CRIMES OF THE POWERFUL............................................................10
SAMENVATTING COLLEGE..................................................................................................... 10
CRIMINOLOGIE................................................................................................................... 12
Definitie van criminologie......................................................................................... 12
Wat bestudeert criminologie.....................................................................................12
Is criminologie wetenschappelijk...............................................................................12
Is criminologie een (autonome) discipline.................................................................13
Wat is criminologie.................................................................................................... 14
DISCUSSIE-VRAGEN................................................................................................... 14
Victimologie.............................................................................................................. 14
HC 2 – AARD EN OMVANG VAN CRIMINALITEIT................................................15
INHOUD........................................................................................................................... 15
SLACHTOFFERENQUÊTES...................................................................................................... 15
GEREGISTREERDE CRIMINALITEIT POLITIECIJFERS.......................................................................16
ZELFRAPPORTAGE DADERS................................................................................................... 17
GERECHTELIJKE STATISTIEKEN............................................................................................... 17
SELECTIVITEIT IN DE STRAFRECHTSPLEGING.............................................................................18
TRENDS EN ONTWIKKELINGEN............................................................................................... 19
VEILIGHEID EN VEILIGHEIDSBELEVING.....................................................................................21
TRENDS EN ONTWIKKELING INTERNATIONAAL...........................................................................21
ONTWIKKELING CRIMINALITEIT EN ONVEILIGHEID.......................................................................22
Verklaringen voor ontwikkeling.................................................................................22
HC 3 – VERKLARINGEN VOOR CRIMINALITEIT..................................................23
ECONOMISCHE BENADERINGEN............................................................................................. 23
Labels theorieën, sub theorieën................................................................................23
Gedeelde kernideeën & assumpties..........................................................................23
Klassieke theorie....................................................................................................... 23
Kritiek op klassieke theorie & revisies.......................................................................24
(Moderne) Rationele keuze theorie...........................................................................26
Routine-activiteiten theorie.......................................................................................26
BIOLOGISCHE EN BIOSOCIALE BENADERINGEN..........................................................................27
Biologische en biosociale verklaringstheorieën.........................................................27
Positieve school: aangeboren misdaad.....................................................................27
Variatie in benadering en assumpties.......................................................................28
Kritiek op biologische criminologie............................................................................29
Moderne stromingen in biosociale criminologie........................................................29
Hedendaagse stromingen in biosociale criminologie.................................................30
Recapitulatie biosociale criminologie........................................................................30
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 32
Klassieke theorie: belangrijkste theoretici – Beccaria................................................32
Klassieke theorie: belangrijkste theoretici – Bentham...............................................32
Kritiek op klassieke theorie & revisies: denken over straffen & rehabilitatie.............33
Kritiek op moderne rationele keuze theorie & situationele keuze (routine activities)
theorie...................................................................................................................... 33
1
,HC 4 – SOCIALE LEERTHEORIEËN....................................................................34
SOCIALE LEERTHEORIEËN OVERKOEPELEND..............................................................................34
Sociale procestheorieën vs. andere theorieën?.........................................................34
Concrete gedeelde aannames & uitgangspunten.....................................................34
Subtheorieën binnen cluster sociale leertheorieën...................................................35
DIFFERENTIËLE ASSOCIATIETHEORIE.......................................................................................35
9 toetsbare proposities differentiële associatietheorie..............................................35
Andere groepen met afwijkende normen mbt deviant gedrag?................................36
Differentiële associatietheorie: kritiek.......................................................................36
NEUTRALISATIE-THEORIE & DRIFT.......................................................................................... 37
Neutralisatie theorie technieken...............................................................................37
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 39
Cognitieve sociale leertheorie (Bandura)..................................................................39
Toepassing in recent onderzoek................................................................................39
Kerngedachten leertheorieën kort samengevat........................................................39
Vergeleken met/ vs. andere theorieën......................................................................40
HC 5 – CONTROLETHEORIEËN........................................................................41
CONTROLETHEORIEËN INKADEREN......................................................................................... 41
Sociale procestheorieën............................................................................................ 41
Leer- vs. controletheorieën?......................................................................................41
Leer- vs. controletheorieën & andere theorieën?......................................................41
GEDEELDE ASSUMPTIES & UITGANGSPUNTEN CONTROLETHEORIEËN..............................................41
Welke sub-theorieën binnen cluster sociale controletheorieën?................................42
SOCIALE CONTROLETHOERIEËN............................................................................................. 42
2 typen/ versies sociale controle-theorieën:..............................................................42
Hirschi’s sociale controletheorie..............................................................................42
ZELFCONTROLETHEORIE (HIRSCHI & GOTTFREDSON)................................................................43
Oorzaken lage zelfcontrole:......................................................................................44
CONTROLETHEORIEËN IN ONDERZOEK....................................................................................44
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 45
Kerngedachten controletheorie(ën) kort samengevat...............................................45
Vergeleken met vs. andere theorieën.......................................................................45
Toepassing controletheorieën en andere theorieën:.................................................46
Toepassing in recent onderzoek................................................................................46
Controletheorieën in beleid/ praktijk.........................................................................46
SAMENVATTING COLLEGE..................................................................................................... 47
HC 6 – SOCIAALECOLOGISCHE EN CULTURELE THEORIEËN & LABELING THEORIE
................................................................................................................... 47
SOCIALE REACTIETHEORIE.................................................................................................... 47
Labeling theorie........................................................................................................ 47
Voorloper op Etiketteringstheorie..............................................................................48
Lemert’s Primary and Secondary Deviance...............................................................48
Etikketteringstheorie: Howard Becker’s Interactionist Theory...................................48
Goffman’s stigma and Total Institutions....................................................................50
Braitwaite’s reintegrative shaming...........................................................................50
Media, beeldvorming en stigmatisering....................................................................50
Beleidsimplicaties van de Labeling theorie...............................................................50
SOCIAALECOLOGISCHE THEORIEËN......................................................................................... 51
‘Crimes of place’ en clusteren van criminaliteit op bepaalde plekken.......................51
‘Crimes of place’ Chicago school of human ecology..................................................51
Chicago school concentrische zone theorie...............................................................52
Sociaal desorganisatietheorie (ontwrichting)............................................................52
Voortzetting ecologische school. Broken windows theorie........................................53
Sociale desorganisatietheorie. Criminaliteit in stad en buurt in NL...........................53
CULTURELE (CONFLICT) THEORIEËN EN DEVIANTIE.....................................................................54
(Sub)Culturele benadering in de criminologie..........................................................54
AFSLUITEND: KERNWAARDEN THEORIEËN................................................................................55
2
, Labeling.................................................................................................................... 55
Crimes of place......................................................................................................... 55
Culture conflict.......................................................................................................... 56
HC 7 – ANOMIE- EN SPANNINGSTHEORIEËN....................................................57
ANOMIE- & SPANNINGSTHEORIEËN (OVERKOEPELEND)...............................................................57
Cultureel bepaalde doelen?.......................................................................................57
Anomie- & spanningstheorieën vs. andere theorieën?..............................................57
Kerngedachten/ -assumpties.....................................................................................57
DURKHEIM’S ANOMIETHEORIE (TRADITIONELE SPANNINGSTHEORIE)..............................................58
Verklaringen in een notendop...................................................................................58
MERTON’S ANOMIETHEORIE (TRADITIONELE SPANNINGSTHEORIE).................................................59
Verklaring in notendop.............................................................................................. 59
MODERNE VERSIES SPANNINGSTHEORIE..................................................................................60
Albert Cohen’s subculturele spanningstheorie..........................................................60
Cloward & Ohlin subculturele spanningstheorie........................................................61
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE/ TENTAMENVOORBEREIDING....................................................61
Kerngedachten theorie(ën) kort samengevat............................................................61
Vergeleken met/ vs. andere theorieën?.....................................................................62
Durkheim’s anomietheorie: verklaring in extended notendop..................................62
Kritiek op Merton’s anomietheorie............................................................................62
TOEPASSING IN ONDERZOEK................................................................................................. 62
SAMENVATTING ‘KEY POINTS’................................................................................................ 63
HC8 – CONFLICT- & RADICALE THEORIEËN......................................................63
CONFLICTTHEORIEËN EN RADICALE THEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE.............................................63
Kapitalisme als een criminogene samenleving..........................................................63
Kenmerken (overeenkomsten) Conflict- en radicale criminologie.............................64
Consequenties voor benadering van vraagstukken in criminologie..........................65
Onderscheid (verschillen) conflict- en radicale theorie.............................................66
CONFLICTTHEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE...............................................................................66
The roots of conflict theorie......................................................................................66
Hedendaags.............................................................................................................. 68
Beleidsimplicaties van de conflicttheorie..................................................................69
RADICALE THEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE..............................................................................69
The roots of radical theory........................................................................................69
Hedendaags. Contemporary radical criminology.......................................................70
Hedendaags. Evaluatie van de radicale theorie........................................................72
Recapitulatie............................................................................................................. 72
HC 9 – RECENTE KRITISCHE THEORIEËN IN CRIMINOLOGIE & VICTIMOLOGIE.....74
NIEUWE THEORETISCHE RICHTINGEN IN KRITISCHE CRIMINOLOGIE.................................................74
Hoezo kritisch?.......................................................................................................... 74
Kritische stromingen in vogelvlucht..........................................................................74
Constitutive criminology. Twee typen........................................................................75
Cultural criminology.................................................................................................. 75
Anarchism: Abolitionism, Peacemaking, and Restorative Justice...............................75
Critical race theorie (CRT).........................................................................................76
Left realism............................................................................................................... 76
4 Interacterende elementen die criminaliteit bepalen...............................................77
Evaluatie van links realisme binnen nieuwe richtingen in kritische criminologie.......77
VICTIMOLOGIE................................................................................................................... 78
Wat is victimologie?.................................................................................................. 78
Wat is victimologie als wetenschap...........................................................................78
Aandacht voor slachtofferschap................................................................................78
Restortative justice................................................................................................... 79
HC 10 – TENTAMENVOORBEREIDING...............................................................81
LEERDOELEN..................................................................................................................... 81
3
perspectief op
Periode 1 2024
criminaliteit
Hoorcolleges
Voorderhake, E. (Eline)
RADBOUD UNIVERSITEIT
,Inhoudsopgave
HC 1 – INLEIDING (03-09)................................................................................5
INHOUDELIJKE INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................... 5
Sociologisch perspectief.............................................................................................. 5
WAT IS CRIMINALITEIT........................................................................................................... 5
Wettelijke definitie...................................................................................................... 5
Consensus-benadering................................................................................................ 6
Conflictbenadering...................................................................................................... 8
Hedendaagse benadering........................................................................................... 8
Integratieve benaderingen: Pyramide/ prisma criminaliteit.........................................9
CRIMES OF THE POWERLESS, CRIMES OF THE POWERFUL............................................................10
SAMENVATTING COLLEGE..................................................................................................... 10
CRIMINOLOGIE................................................................................................................... 12
Definitie van criminologie......................................................................................... 12
Wat bestudeert criminologie.....................................................................................12
Is criminologie wetenschappelijk...............................................................................12
Is criminologie een (autonome) discipline.................................................................13
Wat is criminologie.................................................................................................... 14
DISCUSSIE-VRAGEN................................................................................................... 14
Victimologie.............................................................................................................. 14
HC 2 – AARD EN OMVANG VAN CRIMINALITEIT................................................15
INHOUD........................................................................................................................... 15
SLACHTOFFERENQUÊTES...................................................................................................... 15
GEREGISTREERDE CRIMINALITEIT POLITIECIJFERS.......................................................................16
ZELFRAPPORTAGE DADERS................................................................................................... 17
GERECHTELIJKE STATISTIEKEN............................................................................................... 17
SELECTIVITEIT IN DE STRAFRECHTSPLEGING.............................................................................18
TRENDS EN ONTWIKKELINGEN............................................................................................... 19
VEILIGHEID EN VEILIGHEIDSBELEVING.....................................................................................21
TRENDS EN ONTWIKKELING INTERNATIONAAL...........................................................................21
ONTWIKKELING CRIMINALITEIT EN ONVEILIGHEID.......................................................................22
Verklaringen voor ontwikkeling.................................................................................22
HC 3 – VERKLARINGEN VOOR CRIMINALITEIT..................................................23
ECONOMISCHE BENADERINGEN............................................................................................. 23
Labels theorieën, sub theorieën................................................................................23
Gedeelde kernideeën & assumpties..........................................................................23
Klassieke theorie....................................................................................................... 23
Kritiek op klassieke theorie & revisies.......................................................................24
(Moderne) Rationele keuze theorie...........................................................................26
Routine-activiteiten theorie.......................................................................................26
BIOLOGISCHE EN BIOSOCIALE BENADERINGEN..........................................................................27
Biologische en biosociale verklaringstheorieën.........................................................27
Positieve school: aangeboren misdaad.....................................................................27
Variatie in benadering en assumpties.......................................................................28
Kritiek op biologische criminologie............................................................................29
Moderne stromingen in biosociale criminologie........................................................29
Hedendaagse stromingen in biosociale criminologie.................................................30
Recapitulatie biosociale criminologie........................................................................30
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 32
Klassieke theorie: belangrijkste theoretici – Beccaria................................................32
Klassieke theorie: belangrijkste theoretici – Bentham...............................................32
Kritiek op klassieke theorie & revisies: denken over straffen & rehabilitatie.............33
Kritiek op moderne rationele keuze theorie & situationele keuze (routine activities)
theorie...................................................................................................................... 33
1
,HC 4 – SOCIALE LEERTHEORIEËN....................................................................34
SOCIALE LEERTHEORIEËN OVERKOEPELEND..............................................................................34
Sociale procestheorieën vs. andere theorieën?.........................................................34
Concrete gedeelde aannames & uitgangspunten.....................................................34
Subtheorieën binnen cluster sociale leertheorieën...................................................35
DIFFERENTIËLE ASSOCIATIETHEORIE.......................................................................................35
9 toetsbare proposities differentiële associatietheorie..............................................35
Andere groepen met afwijkende normen mbt deviant gedrag?................................36
Differentiële associatietheorie: kritiek.......................................................................36
NEUTRALISATIE-THEORIE & DRIFT.......................................................................................... 37
Neutralisatie theorie technieken...............................................................................37
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 39
Cognitieve sociale leertheorie (Bandura)..................................................................39
Toepassing in recent onderzoek................................................................................39
Kerngedachten leertheorieën kort samengevat........................................................39
Vergeleken met/ vs. andere theorieën......................................................................40
HC 5 – CONTROLETHEORIEËN........................................................................41
CONTROLETHEORIEËN INKADEREN......................................................................................... 41
Sociale procestheorieën............................................................................................ 41
Leer- vs. controletheorieën?......................................................................................41
Leer- vs. controletheorieën & andere theorieën?......................................................41
GEDEELDE ASSUMPTIES & UITGANGSPUNTEN CONTROLETHEORIEËN..............................................41
Welke sub-theorieën binnen cluster sociale controletheorieën?................................42
SOCIALE CONTROLETHOERIEËN............................................................................................. 42
2 typen/ versies sociale controle-theorieën:..............................................................42
Hirschi’s sociale controletheorie..............................................................................42
ZELFCONTROLETHEORIE (HIRSCHI & GOTTFREDSON)................................................................43
Oorzaken lage zelfcontrole:......................................................................................44
CONTROLETHEORIEËN IN ONDERZOEK....................................................................................44
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE......................................................................................... 45
Kerngedachten controletheorie(ën) kort samengevat...............................................45
Vergeleken met vs. andere theorieën.......................................................................45
Toepassing controletheorieën en andere theorieën:.................................................46
Toepassing in recent onderzoek................................................................................46
Controletheorieën in beleid/ praktijk.........................................................................46
SAMENVATTING COLLEGE..................................................................................................... 47
HC 6 – SOCIAALECOLOGISCHE EN CULTURELE THEORIEËN & LABELING THEORIE
................................................................................................................... 47
SOCIALE REACTIETHEORIE.................................................................................................... 47
Labeling theorie........................................................................................................ 47
Voorloper op Etiketteringstheorie..............................................................................48
Lemert’s Primary and Secondary Deviance...............................................................48
Etikketteringstheorie: Howard Becker’s Interactionist Theory...................................48
Goffman’s stigma and Total Institutions....................................................................50
Braitwaite’s reintegrative shaming...........................................................................50
Media, beeldvorming en stigmatisering....................................................................50
Beleidsimplicaties van de Labeling theorie...............................................................50
SOCIAALECOLOGISCHE THEORIEËN......................................................................................... 51
‘Crimes of place’ en clusteren van criminaliteit op bepaalde plekken.......................51
‘Crimes of place’ Chicago school of human ecology..................................................51
Chicago school concentrische zone theorie...............................................................52
Sociaal desorganisatietheorie (ontwrichting)............................................................52
Voortzetting ecologische school. Broken windows theorie........................................53
Sociale desorganisatietheorie. Criminaliteit in stad en buurt in NL...........................53
CULTURELE (CONFLICT) THEORIEËN EN DEVIANTIE.....................................................................54
(Sub)Culturele benadering in de criminologie..........................................................54
AFSLUITEND: KERNWAARDEN THEORIEËN................................................................................55
2
, Labeling.................................................................................................................... 55
Crimes of place......................................................................................................... 55
Culture conflict.......................................................................................................... 56
HC 7 – ANOMIE- EN SPANNINGSTHEORIEËN....................................................57
ANOMIE- & SPANNINGSTHEORIEËN (OVERKOEPELEND)...............................................................57
Cultureel bepaalde doelen?.......................................................................................57
Anomie- & spanningstheorieën vs. andere theorieën?..............................................57
Kerngedachten/ -assumpties.....................................................................................57
DURKHEIM’S ANOMIETHEORIE (TRADITIONELE SPANNINGSTHEORIE)..............................................58
Verklaringen in een notendop...................................................................................58
MERTON’S ANOMIETHEORIE (TRADITIONELE SPANNINGSTHEORIE).................................................59
Verklaring in notendop.............................................................................................. 59
MODERNE VERSIES SPANNINGSTHEORIE..................................................................................60
Albert Cohen’s subculturele spanningstheorie..........................................................60
Cloward & Ohlin subculturele spanningstheorie........................................................61
TER ONDERSTEUNING ZELFSTUDIE/ TENTAMENVOORBEREIDING....................................................61
Kerngedachten theorie(ën) kort samengevat............................................................61
Vergeleken met/ vs. andere theorieën?.....................................................................62
Durkheim’s anomietheorie: verklaring in extended notendop..................................62
Kritiek op Merton’s anomietheorie............................................................................62
TOEPASSING IN ONDERZOEK................................................................................................. 62
SAMENVATTING ‘KEY POINTS’................................................................................................ 63
HC8 – CONFLICT- & RADICALE THEORIEËN......................................................63
CONFLICTTHEORIEËN EN RADICALE THEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE.............................................63
Kapitalisme als een criminogene samenleving..........................................................63
Kenmerken (overeenkomsten) Conflict- en radicale criminologie.............................64
Consequenties voor benadering van vraagstukken in criminologie..........................65
Onderscheid (verschillen) conflict- en radicale theorie.............................................66
CONFLICTTHEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE...............................................................................66
The roots of conflict theorie......................................................................................66
Hedendaags.............................................................................................................. 68
Beleidsimplicaties van de conflicttheorie..................................................................69
RADICALE THEORIEËN IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE..............................................................................69
The roots of radical theory........................................................................................69
Hedendaags. Contemporary radical criminology.......................................................70
Hedendaags. Evaluatie van de radicale theorie........................................................72
Recapitulatie............................................................................................................. 72
HC 9 – RECENTE KRITISCHE THEORIEËN IN CRIMINOLOGIE & VICTIMOLOGIE.....74
NIEUWE THEORETISCHE RICHTINGEN IN KRITISCHE CRIMINOLOGIE.................................................74
Hoezo kritisch?.......................................................................................................... 74
Kritische stromingen in vogelvlucht..........................................................................74
Constitutive criminology. Twee typen........................................................................75
Cultural criminology.................................................................................................. 75
Anarchism: Abolitionism, Peacemaking, and Restorative Justice...............................75
Critical race theorie (CRT).........................................................................................76
Left realism............................................................................................................... 76
4 Interacterende elementen die criminaliteit bepalen...............................................77
Evaluatie van links realisme binnen nieuwe richtingen in kritische criminologie.......77
VICTIMOLOGIE................................................................................................................... 78
Wat is victimologie?.................................................................................................. 78
Wat is victimologie als wetenschap...........................................................................78
Aandacht voor slachtofferschap................................................................................78
Restortative justice................................................................................................... 79
HC 10 – TENTAMENVOORBEREIDING...............................................................81
LEERDOELEN..................................................................................................................... 81
3
