EVOLUTION & GENETICS
Samenvatting
Rik
,Inhoud
Problem 1: The long road from genes to behavior ................................................................................. 4
Leerdoelen:.............................................................................................................................................. 4
The phentotype ....................................................................................................................................... 4
The genotype ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Classical genetics ................................................................................................................................. 5
The central dogma............................................................................................................................... 5
Mitoses and meiosis ............................................................................................................................ 6
Synthesis of the leading strand during DNA replication ..................................................................... 8
The genetic code ............................................................................................................................... 11
Transcription and translation ................................................................................................................ 12
Transcription ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Translation......................................................................................................................................... 12
The genome: most DNA is not genes ................................................................................................ 13
Non-coding DNA ................................................................................................................................ 13
Evolution of genome size .................................................................................................................. 13
Mitchondrial DNA .............................................................................................................................. 14
Genetic variation ................................................................................................................................... 14
Sexual reproduction shuffles the pack .............................................................................................. 14
Independent segregation and linkage ............................................................................................... 14
Mutation creates genetic variation ................................................................................................... 15
Substitution ................................................................................................................................... 15
Repeat expansions and contractions ............................................................................................ 15
Transposable element insertions and segmental duplications ..................................................... 15
Whole genome duplication ........................................................................................................... 15
The extent of genetic diversity and its effect on the phenotype ...................................................... 15
From genotype to phenotype ............................................................................................................... 16
Article: From genes to brain to antisocial behavior .............................................................................. 18
Article: The seductive allure of behavioral epigenetics ........................................................................ 19
Article: Epigenetics and development: understanding how epigenetics works at the molecular level can
be mind-boggling................................................................................................................................... 20
Article: Genes in context: gene-environment interplay and the origins of individual differences in
behavior................................................................................................................................................. 21
Problem 2: Peas, genes and interheritance .......................................................................................... 22
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 22
Polygenic interheritance ....................................................................................................................... 22
,Interheritance does not work by blending ............................................................................................ 22
Mendelian genetics ............................................................................................................................... 23
Genetic drift....................................................................................................................................... 28
Complex traits ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Quantitative genetics ............................................................................................................................ 29
Article: top 10 replicated findings from behavioral genetics ................................................................ 31
Article: The case of the missing heritability .......................................................................................... 32
Task 3: Genes and natural selection in populations.............................................................................. 33
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 33
Malthus: checks on reproduction and competition to reproduce ........................................................ 33
Natural selection at the genotypic level................................................................................................ 33
Modes of selection ................................................................................................................................ 34
Selection and variation .......................................................................................................................... 35
Heterozygote advantage ................................................................................................................... 35
Negative frequency-dependent selection ......................................................................................... 36
Force of mutation .............................................................................................................................. 36
Inconsistent selection........................................................................................................................ 36
Sexually antagonistic selection.......................................................................................................... 36
Selection and adaptation ...................................................................................................................... 36
Constraints on optimality ...................................................................................................................... 36
How to test adaptationist hypotheses .................................................................................................. 37
Reverse engineering and optimality models ..................................................................................... 37
Experimental manipulation and experiments of nature ................................................................... 37
Comparative evidence ....................................................................................................................... 37
Getting natural selection clear .............................................................................................................. 37
Sex differences ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Bateman’s principle ........................................................................................................................... 38
Intrasexual competition and sexual dimorphism in size ................................................................... 38
Female choice and ornamentation ................................................................................................... 38
Seks-role reversal .............................................................................................................................. 38
Pluralism in sexual strategies ................................................................................................................ 39
Sexual selection and mate choice in humans........................................................................................ 39
Article: Evaluating evidence of psychological adaptation ..................................................................... 39
Article: Handedness, homicide and negative frequency-dependent selection .................................... 40
Task 4: The problem of cooperation ..................................................................................................... 42
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 42
, Group selection ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Implications ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Kin selection .......................................................................................................................................... 42
Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness ........................................................................ 43
Example: alarm calling in prairie dogs ............................................................................................... 44
Limitaties ........................................................................................................................................... 44
Cooperation ........................................................................................................................................... 45
By-product benefits ........................................................................................................................... 45
Direct reciprocity ............................................................................................................................... 45
Indirect reciprocity ............................................................................................................................ 45
Punishment ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Artikel: Evolution of eusociality............................................................................................................. 47
Article: Ecolutionary theory and the ultimate-proximate distinction in the human behavioral sciences
............................................................................................................................................................... 48
Article: The evolution of human cooperation ....................................................................................... 49
Article: Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game ........... 49
Task 5: What makes humans typically human? .................................................................................... 50
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 50
Social brain hypothesis .......................................................................................................................... 50
Humans as primates .............................................................................................................................. 50
The primate phylogeny ..................................................................................................................... 50
Origins of Homo sapiens ................................................................................................................... 51
What makes humans different .............................................................................................................. 52
Genen die belangrijk zijn in hetgeen mensen onderscheidt van andere soorten ........................ 54
Article: Evolution in the social brain...................................................................................................... 54
Article: Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: the cultural intelligence hypothesis
............................................................................................................................................................... 54
Supporting document: Gene that makes human brain unique identified by scientists ....................... 57
Supporting document: Is fruit eating responsible for big brains? ........................................................ 57
Samenvatting
Rik
,Inhoud
Problem 1: The long road from genes to behavior ................................................................................. 4
Leerdoelen:.............................................................................................................................................. 4
The phentotype ....................................................................................................................................... 4
The genotype ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Classical genetics ................................................................................................................................. 5
The central dogma............................................................................................................................... 5
Mitoses and meiosis ............................................................................................................................ 6
Synthesis of the leading strand during DNA replication ..................................................................... 8
The genetic code ............................................................................................................................... 11
Transcription and translation ................................................................................................................ 12
Transcription ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Translation......................................................................................................................................... 12
The genome: most DNA is not genes ................................................................................................ 13
Non-coding DNA ................................................................................................................................ 13
Evolution of genome size .................................................................................................................. 13
Mitchondrial DNA .............................................................................................................................. 14
Genetic variation ................................................................................................................................... 14
Sexual reproduction shuffles the pack .............................................................................................. 14
Independent segregation and linkage ............................................................................................... 14
Mutation creates genetic variation ................................................................................................... 15
Substitution ................................................................................................................................... 15
Repeat expansions and contractions ............................................................................................ 15
Transposable element insertions and segmental duplications ..................................................... 15
Whole genome duplication ........................................................................................................... 15
The extent of genetic diversity and its effect on the phenotype ...................................................... 15
From genotype to phenotype ............................................................................................................... 16
Article: From genes to brain to antisocial behavior .............................................................................. 18
Article: The seductive allure of behavioral epigenetics ........................................................................ 19
Article: Epigenetics and development: understanding how epigenetics works at the molecular level can
be mind-boggling................................................................................................................................... 20
Article: Genes in context: gene-environment interplay and the origins of individual differences in
behavior................................................................................................................................................. 21
Problem 2: Peas, genes and interheritance .......................................................................................... 22
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 22
Polygenic interheritance ....................................................................................................................... 22
,Interheritance does not work by blending ............................................................................................ 22
Mendelian genetics ............................................................................................................................... 23
Genetic drift....................................................................................................................................... 28
Complex traits ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Quantitative genetics ............................................................................................................................ 29
Article: top 10 replicated findings from behavioral genetics ................................................................ 31
Article: The case of the missing heritability .......................................................................................... 32
Task 3: Genes and natural selection in populations.............................................................................. 33
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 33
Malthus: checks on reproduction and competition to reproduce ........................................................ 33
Natural selection at the genotypic level................................................................................................ 33
Modes of selection ................................................................................................................................ 34
Selection and variation .......................................................................................................................... 35
Heterozygote advantage ................................................................................................................... 35
Negative frequency-dependent selection ......................................................................................... 36
Force of mutation .............................................................................................................................. 36
Inconsistent selection........................................................................................................................ 36
Sexually antagonistic selection.......................................................................................................... 36
Selection and adaptation ...................................................................................................................... 36
Constraints on optimality ...................................................................................................................... 36
How to test adaptationist hypotheses .................................................................................................. 37
Reverse engineering and optimality models ..................................................................................... 37
Experimental manipulation and experiments of nature ................................................................... 37
Comparative evidence ....................................................................................................................... 37
Getting natural selection clear .............................................................................................................. 37
Sex differences ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Bateman’s principle ........................................................................................................................... 38
Intrasexual competition and sexual dimorphism in size ................................................................... 38
Female choice and ornamentation ................................................................................................... 38
Seks-role reversal .............................................................................................................................. 38
Pluralism in sexual strategies ................................................................................................................ 39
Sexual selection and mate choice in humans........................................................................................ 39
Article: Evaluating evidence of psychological adaptation ..................................................................... 39
Article: Handedness, homicide and negative frequency-dependent selection .................................... 40
Task 4: The problem of cooperation ..................................................................................................... 42
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 42
, Group selection ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Implications ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Kin selection .......................................................................................................................................... 42
Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness ........................................................................ 43
Example: alarm calling in prairie dogs ............................................................................................... 44
Limitaties ........................................................................................................................................... 44
Cooperation ........................................................................................................................................... 45
By-product benefits ........................................................................................................................... 45
Direct reciprocity ............................................................................................................................... 45
Indirect reciprocity ............................................................................................................................ 45
Punishment ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Artikel: Evolution of eusociality............................................................................................................. 47
Article: Ecolutionary theory and the ultimate-proximate distinction in the human behavioral sciences
............................................................................................................................................................... 48
Article: The evolution of human cooperation ....................................................................................... 49
Article: Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game ........... 49
Task 5: What makes humans typically human? .................................................................................... 50
Leerdoelen............................................................................................................................................. 50
Social brain hypothesis .......................................................................................................................... 50
Humans as primates .............................................................................................................................. 50
The primate phylogeny ..................................................................................................................... 50
Origins of Homo sapiens ................................................................................................................... 51
What makes humans different .............................................................................................................. 52
Genen die belangrijk zijn in hetgeen mensen onderscheidt van andere soorten ........................ 54
Article: Evolution in the social brain...................................................................................................... 54
Article: Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: the cultural intelligence hypothesis
............................................................................................................................................................... 54
Supporting document: Gene that makes human brain unique identified by scientists ....................... 57
Supporting document: Is fruit eating responsible for big brains? ........................................................ 57
