Not in cell plants
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Flagella
RuBisCo - ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
Involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation
Calvin cycle
Mitochondria and chloroplast
Have own DNA
Can duplicate, transcribe and translate own genetic information
Leads to endosymbiont hypothesis
o Propose that these organelles were once free living organisms that established a
symbiotic relationship
Nucleus
Region of densely stained fibers and granules adjoining chromatin, the nucleolus
In nucleolus is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and assembled with proteins to
form ribosomal subunits
Ribosomes
Contain rRNA and protein
Composed of two subunits that combine to carry out protein synthesis
Cell types that can synthesis large amounts of protein have large numbers of ribosomes
Human Chromosomes
Human body (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes
23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Humans are diploid (2n) - 2 copies of each chromosomes
Gametes (germ cells) are haploid
Mitosis
For growth and repair
o Tree and root growth
o Hair, bone, skin growth and repair
Allows asexual reproduction
o Grass runners and root suckers in plants
Cell cycle G1-S-G2-M
Cells spend 90% in interphase - not ready for division
o Cells grow and perform functions
o DNA replicates
o Organelles can duplicate in preparation for division
o G1 = gap 1, G2= gap 2, S= synthesis (DNA replication)
o M = mitosis
, Cell cycle
G1 - pre-DNA synthesis
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - post DNA synthesis
M - mitosis; cell division
Cell cycle - check points
Regulation via Cdk complexes - cyclin dependent kinase protein
Important checkpoints - G1/S, G2/M and M
Necrosis - tissue death (swelling and rupturing of injured cells)
Apoptosis - programmed death
Macrophages - responsible for phagocytosis
Interphase
Chromosome are not visible
Nucleoli may be visible
S- DNA replication: sister chromatids attached at centromere
G2- centrosome divides
Stages of mitosis
Prophase
Centrioles migrate to poles (cytoplasmic microtubules into spindle fibers)
Chromosomes are visible and condense becoming shorter and thicker
Nucleoli disappears and nuclear membrane disintegrates
Metaphase
Prometaphase - movement of chromosome to metaphase plate
Microtubules forms between centrosomes
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochore
Chromosomes line up in center
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Flagella
RuBisCo - ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
Involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation
Calvin cycle
Mitochondria and chloroplast
Have own DNA
Can duplicate, transcribe and translate own genetic information
Leads to endosymbiont hypothesis
o Propose that these organelles were once free living organisms that established a
symbiotic relationship
Nucleus
Region of densely stained fibers and granules adjoining chromatin, the nucleolus
In nucleolus is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and assembled with proteins to
form ribosomal subunits
Ribosomes
Contain rRNA and protein
Composed of two subunits that combine to carry out protein synthesis
Cell types that can synthesis large amounts of protein have large numbers of ribosomes
Human Chromosomes
Human body (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes
23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Humans are diploid (2n) - 2 copies of each chromosomes
Gametes (germ cells) are haploid
Mitosis
For growth and repair
o Tree and root growth
o Hair, bone, skin growth and repair
Allows asexual reproduction
o Grass runners and root suckers in plants
Cell cycle G1-S-G2-M
Cells spend 90% in interphase - not ready for division
o Cells grow and perform functions
o DNA replicates
o Organelles can duplicate in preparation for division
o G1 = gap 1, G2= gap 2, S= synthesis (DNA replication)
o M = mitosis
, Cell cycle
G1 - pre-DNA synthesis
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - post DNA synthesis
M - mitosis; cell division
Cell cycle - check points
Regulation via Cdk complexes - cyclin dependent kinase protein
Important checkpoints - G1/S, G2/M and M
Necrosis - tissue death (swelling and rupturing of injured cells)
Apoptosis - programmed death
Macrophages - responsible for phagocytosis
Interphase
Chromosome are not visible
Nucleoli may be visible
S- DNA replication: sister chromatids attached at centromere
G2- centrosome divides
Stages of mitosis
Prophase
Centrioles migrate to poles (cytoplasmic microtubules into spindle fibers)
Chromosomes are visible and condense becoming shorter and thicker
Nucleoli disappears and nuclear membrane disintegrates
Metaphase
Prometaphase - movement of chromosome to metaphase plate
Microtubules forms between centrosomes
Spindle fibers attach to kinetochore
Chromosomes line up in center
