founds chapters for exam 2

founds chapters for exam 2. Chapter 14 Obesity paradox ▪ Although there is strong evidence that obesity in younger people lessens life expectancy and has a negative effect on functionality and morbidity, it remains unclear whether overweight and obesity are predictors of mortality in older adults. ▪ In what has been termed the obesity paradox, some research has found that for people who have survived to 70 years of age, mortality risk is lowest in those with a BMI classified as overweight. ▪ Obesity paradox: some research found that persons who survived to 70 years had lower mortality rate if they were overweight *** ▪ Pg 174-175 what is malnutrition? ▪ Complex syndrome that develops following to two primary trajectories one occurs when a person does not consume the amount of micronutrients and macronutrients (proteins carb fats water) ▪ second: inflammation related to malnutrition; injury, surgery, disease state, Nutritional needs [e.g. caloric requirements] of older adults as related to physiological age- related changes • Generally, older adults need fewer calories because they may not be as active and metabolic rates decline. However, they still require the same or higher levels of nutrients for optimal health outcomes. The recommendations may need modification for individuals who have illnesses. • DASH diet- Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (fruits, veggies, whole grains, low-fat dairy, poultry, fish, restriction of salt) • Mediterranean diet- greater intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fish; a lower intake of red and processed meats; higher amounts of monosaturated fats, mostly provided by olive oil from Mediterranean countries; and lower amounts of saturated fats. Associated with a lower incidence of chronic illness, weight gain, impaired physical function, and improved cognition. • MIND diet- hybrid between mediterranean and DASH associated with lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Factors influencing nutrition • Age related changes in taste and smell • Lifelong eating habits • Socialization • Chronic disease and conditions • GI disorders (prevent and treat GERD/diverticular disease) • Socio-economic deprivation • Transportation What factors influence metabolic rate and utilization of nutrients in the older adult? • inflammation-related malnutrition develops as a consequence of injury, surgery, or disease states that trigger inflammatory mediators that contribute to increased metabolic rate and impaired nutrient utilization” ..............................................continued,.................................................